#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

The effect of facial expression on contrast sensitivity: A behavioural investigation and extension of Hedger, Adams & Garner (2015)


Autoři: Abigail L. M. Webb aff001;  Paul B. Hibbard aff001
Působiště autorů: Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205621

Souhrn

It has been argued that rapid visual processing for fearful face expressions is driven by the fact that effective contrast is higher in these faces compared to other expressions, when the contrast sensitivity function is taken into account. This proposal has been upheld by data from image analyses, but is yet to be tested at the behavioural level. The present study conducts a traditional contrast sensitivity task for face images of various facial expressions. Findings show that visual contrast thresholds do not differ for different facial expressions We re-conduct analysis of faces’ effective contrast, using the procedure developed by Hedger, Adams and Garner, and show that higher effective contrast in fearful face expressions relies on face images first being normalised for RMS contrast. When not normalised for RMS contrast, effective contrast in fear expressions is no different, or sometimes even lower, compared to other expressions. However, the effect of facial expression on detection in a backward masking study did not depend on the type of contrast normalisation used. These findings are discussed in relation to the implications of contrast normalisation on the salience of face expressions in behavioural and neurophysiological experiments, and also the extent that natural physical differences between facial stimuli are masked during stimulus standardisation and normalisation.

Klíčová slova:

Behavior – Emotions – Face – Fear – Image analysis – Psychophysics – Vision – Visual system


Zdroje

1. Holmes A, Green S, Vuilleumier P. The involvement of distinct visual channels in rapid attention towards fearful facial expressions. Cognition & Emotion. 2005 Sep 1;19(6):899–922.

2. Yang E, Zald DH, Blake R. Fearful expressions gain preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression. Emotion. 2007 Nov;7(4):882. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.882 18039058

3. Bayle DJ, Schoendorff B, Hénaff MA, Krolak-Salmon P. Emotional facial expression detection in the peripheral visual field. PloS one. 2011 Jun 24;6(6):e21584. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021584 21720562

4. Carlson JM, Reinke KS. Masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of covert spatial attention. Emotion. 2008 Aug;8(4):522. doi: 10.1037/a0012653 18729582

5. Williams LM, Liddell BJ, Rathjen J, Brown KJ, Gray J, Phillips M, et al. Mapping the time course of nonconscious and conscious perception of fear: an integration of central and peripheral measures. Human brain mapping. 2004 Feb;21(2):64–74. doi: 10.1002/hbm.10154 14755594

6. Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 Jan 1;18(1):411–8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00411.1998 9412517

7. Gray KL, Adams WJ, Hedger N, Newton KE, Garner M. Faces and awareness: Low-level, not emotional factors determine perceptual dominance. Emotion. 2013 Jun;13(3):537. doi: 10.1037/a0031403 23398580

8. Stein T, Seymour K, Hebart MN, Sterzer P. Rapid fear detection relies on high spatial frequencies. Psychological science. 2014 Feb;25(2):566–74. doi: 10.1177/0956797613512509 24379157

9. Troiani V, Schultz RT. Amygdala, pulvinar, and inferior parietal cortex contribute to early processing of faces without awareness. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2013 Jun 6;7:241. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00241 23761748

10. LeDoux JE, Phelps EA. Emotional networks in the brain. Handbook of emotions. 1993;109:118.

11. Bannerman RL, Hibbard PB, Chalmers K, Sahraie A. Saccadic latency is modulated by emotional content of spatially filtered face stimuli. Emotion. 2012 Dec;12(6):1384. doi: 10.1037/a0028677 22775132

12. Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions. Nature neuroscience. 2003 Jun;6(6):624. doi: 10.1038/nn1057 12740580

13. Öhman A, Mineka S. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological review. 2001 Jul;108(3):483. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 11488376

14. Vlamings PH, Goffaux V, Kemner C. Is the early modulation of brain activity by fearful facial expressions primarily mediated by coarse low spatial frequency information?. Journal of vision. 2009 May 1;9(5):12–. doi: 10.1167/9.5.12 19757890

15. Hedger N, Adams WJ, Garner M. Fearful faces have a sensory advantage in the competition for awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2015 Dec;41(6):1748. doi: 10.1037/xhp0000127 26280260

16. Horstmann G, Bauland A. Search asymmetries with real faces: Testing the anger-superiority effect. Emotion. 2006 May;6(2):193. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.193 16768552

17. Watson AB, Ahumada AJ. A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast. Journal of vision. 2005 Oct 1;5(9):6–.

18. Lundqvist D, Flykt A, Öhman A. The Karolinska directed emotional faces (KDEF). CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institutet. 1998;91:630.

19. Langner O, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus DH, Hawk ST, Van Knippenberg AD. Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition and emotion. 2010 Dec 1;24(8):1377–88.

20. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Pictures of facial affect consulting psychologists press. Palo Alto, CA. 1976.

21. Hess, U. Accessed June 2018. Available from: http://www.psychophysiolab.com/accueil.php

22. Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry research. 2009 Aug 15;168(3):242–9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006 19564050

23. O’Hare L, Hibbard PB. Spatial frequency and visual discomfort. Vision research. 2011 Aug 1;51(15):1767–77. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.002 21684303

24. Brainard DH, Vision S. The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial vision. 1997 Jan 1;10:433–6. 9176952

25. Pelli DG. The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial vision. 1997 Jan 1;10(4):437–42. 9176953

26. Kleiner M, Brainard D, Pelli D, Ingling A, Murray R, Broussard C. What’s new in Psychtoolbox-3. Perception. 2007 Aug 27;36(14):1.

27. Treutwein B. Adaptive psychophysical procedures. Vision research. 1995 Sep 1;35(17):2503–22. 8594817

28. Prins N & Kingdom F. A. A. (2018) Applying the Model-Comparison Approach to Test Specific Research Hypotheses in Psychophysical Research Using the Palamedes Toolbox. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:1250. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01250 30083122

29. Phelps EA, Ling S, Carrasco M. Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefits of attention. Psychological science. 2006 Apr;17(4):292–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x 16623685

30. Yanof A, Skow M, Tran H, Adby A, inventors; NXP USA Inc, assignee. Digital image processing using white balance and gamma correction. United States patent US 7,236,190. 2007 Jun 26.

31. Innocent M, inventor; On Semiconductor Trading Ltd, assignee. White balance correction using illuminant estimation. United States patent US 8,049,789. 2011 Nov 1.

32. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). Accessed June 2018. Available from: http://kdef.se/home/aboutKDEF.html

33. Menzel C, Redies C, Hayn-Leichsenring GU. Low-level image properties in facial expressions. Acta psychologica. 2018 Jul 31;188:74–83. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.05.012 29879683


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 11
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

plice
INSIGHTS from European Respiratory Congress
nový kurz

Současné pohledy na riziko v parodontologii
Autoři: MUDr. Ladislav Korábek, CSc., MBA

Svět praktické medicíny 3/2024 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Kardiologické projevy hypereozinofilií
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Petr Němec, Ph.D.

Střevní příprava před kolonoskopií
Autoři: MUDr. Klára Kmochová, Ph.D.

Všechny kurzy
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#