Normative values for relative schoolbag weight in primary school children aged 6-14 from Czech Republic: A pilot study
Autoři:
Mario Kasović aff001; Lovro Štefan aff001; Martin Zvonar aff002
Působiště autorů:
Department of General and Applied Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
aff001; Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
aff002
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225741
Souhrn
Little evidence from observational studies has been provided regarding ‘optimal’ relative schoolbag load during primary education. Also, no study to date has provided reference-based standards for relative schoolbag weight. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to establish normative values of relative schoolbag weight in a sample of children. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 584 primary school students aged 6–14 (meanage±SD = 9.6±2.4 yrs, meanheight±SD = 1.4±0.2 m, meanweight±SD = 37.5±13.3 kg, meanbody-mass index±SD = 17.6±3.1 kg/m2, 44.4% girls) chosen from five schools in the city of Brno. Schoolbag weight and child’s body weight were objectively measured by using digital scale. Relative schoolbag weight was calculated by dividing schoolbag weight with child’s body weight and the result was expressed in percentage. Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method was used to create sex- and age-percentile curves. Boys carried slightly heavier schoolbag, compared with girls (mean difference 0.2 kg, p = 0.020). No significant differences between sexes in relative schoolbag weight were observed (p = 0.240). Median values (P50) for boys and girls were similar and the largest observed between ages 6–9 in boys (15–17%) and 6–8 in girls (16–18%). The percentage of children carrying relative schoolbag weight beyond 10% of their body weight was very high, especially between ages 6–10 in boys (85.1–100%) and 6–11 in girls (86.8–95.4%). This study provides first sex- and age- relative schoolbag weight normative values in primary school children. Future studies should use similar methods for generating comparable data.
Klíčová slova:
Adolescents – Age groups – Body weight – Cross-sectional studies – Ergonomics – Feet – Children – Schools
Zdroje
1. Al-Saleem SA, Ali A, Ali SI, Alshamrani AA, Almulhem AM, Al-Hashem MH. A study of school bag weight and back pain among primary school children in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale). 2016; 6:222.
2. Spiteri K, Busuttil ML, Aquilina S, Gauci D, Camilleri E, Grech V. Schoolbags and back pain in children between 8 and 13 years: a national study. Br J Pain. 2017; 11:81–86. doi: 10.1177/2049463717695144 28491300
3. 2015. Report of the working group on the weight of schoolbags. Accessed on July 12, 2019.
4. Van Gent C, Dols JJ, de Rover CM, Hira Sing RA, de Vet HC. The weight of schoolbags and the occurrence of neck, shoulder, and back pain in young adolescents. Spine. 2003; 28: 916–921. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000058721.69053.EC 12942008
5. Syazwan A, Azhar MM, Anita A, Azizan H, Shaharuddin M, Hanafiah JM, et al. Poor sitting posture and a heavy schoolbag as contributors to musculoskeletal pain in children: an ergonomic school education intervention program. J Pain Res. 2011;4: 287–296. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S22281 22003301
6. Kasović M, Zvonar M, Gomaz L, Bolčević F, Anton V. Influence of schoolbag carriage on pattern changes in plantar pressure during walking among first-grade schoolchildren. Kinesiology. 2018; 50: 188–193.
7. Moore M, White G, Moore D. Association of relative backpack weight with reported pain, pain sites, medical utilization, and lost school time in children and adolescents. J Sch Health. 2007; 77: 232–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00198.x 17430435
8. Hong Y, Li JX, Wong AS, Robinson PD. Effects of load carriage on heart rate, blood pressure and energy expenditure in children. Ergonomics. 2000; 43: 717–727. doi: 10.1080/001401300404698 10902882
9. Chow DH, Kwok ML, Au-Yang AC, Holmes AD, Cheng JC, Yao FY, et al. The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls. Ergonomics. 2005; 48: 642–656. doi: 10.1080/00140130500070921 16087499
10. Yamato TP, Maher CG, Traeger AC, Wiliams CM, Kamper SJ. Do schoolbags cause back pain in children and adolescents? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2018; 52: 1241–1245. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098927 29720469
11. Jones GT, Macfarlane GJ. Predicting persisteent low back pain in schoolchildren: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61: 1359–1366. doi: 10.1002/art.24696 19790124
12. Dockrell S, Simms C, Blake C. Schoolbag weight limit: can it be defined? J Sch Health. 2013; 83: 368–377. doi: 10.1111/josh.12040 23517005
13. Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr.1990; 44: 45–60.
14. Bryant BP, Bryant JB. Relative weights of the backpacks of elementary-aged children. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 30: 19–23. doi: 10.1177/1059840513495417 23811534
15. World Health Organization. Body-mass index (BMI). Geneva: Switzerland, 2015.
16. Olmedo-Buenrostro BA, Delgado-Enciso I, Sánchez-Ramírez CA, Cruz SA, Vásquez C, Mora-Brambila AB, et al. Current backpack weight status for primary schoolchildren in Colima, Mexico. J Sch Nurs. 2016; 32: 172–176. doi: 10.1177/1059840515606787 26416767
17. Tanner JM. Growth at adolescence. 2nd Ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.
18. Malina RM, Bouchard C, and Bar-Or O. Growth, maturation and physical activity. 2nd Ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign: IL, 2004
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 11
- S diagnostikou Parkinsonovy nemoci může nově pomoci AI nástroj pro hodnocení mrkacího reflexu
- Je libo čepici místo mozkového implantátu?
- Pomůže v budoucnu s triáží na pohotovostech umělá inteligence?
- AI může chirurgům poskytnout cenná data i zpětnou vazbu v reálném čase
- Nová metoda odlišení nádorové tkáně může zpřesnit resekci glioblastomů
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- A daily diary study on maladaptive daydreaming, mind wandering, and sleep disturbances: Examining within-person and between-persons relations
- A 3’ UTR SNP rs885863, a cis-eQTL for the circadian gene VIPR2 and lincRNA 689, is associated with opioid addiction
- A substitution mutation in a conserved domain of mammalian acetate-dependent acetyl CoA synthetase 2 results in destabilized protein and impaired HIF-2 signaling
- Molecular validation of clinical Pantoea isolates identified by MALDI-TOF
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy