#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America


Autoři: Francisco Costa aff001;  Octávio Mateus aff001
Působiště autorů: GeoBioTec, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal aff001;  Museu da Lourinhã, Lourinhã, Portugal aff002
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224263

Souhrn

The stegosaur species Miragaia longicollum was erected based on a partial anterior skeleton from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Until then, almost all stegosaur specimens in Portugal and Spain had been identified as Dacentrurus armatus, the sister taxon of M. longicollum and only other member of the clade Dacentrurinae. The holotypes of the two species have little overlap, since the holotype of D. armatus is mostly a posterior skeleton, so the classification of other specimens to either species is unclear and the validity of M. longicollum has been questioned and debated. Here we describe a largely complete specimen of M. longicollum discovered in 1959 in Atouguia da Baleia, Peniche, Portugal, consisting of both anterior and posterior portions of the skeleton. Comparisons to the holotypes of dacentrurines and other stegosaurs shed light on the convoluted relationships of this group. We conclude that M. longicollum is valid and rather different from D. armatus, and provide a revised diagnosis of M. longicollum, as well as revised diagnoses for D. armatus, Dacentrurinae, and the first diagnosis of the genus Miragaia, granting stability to these taxa and allowing new considerations to be given on the classification of other Iberian stegosaurs. This new specimen is, to date, the most complete dinosaur described from Portugal and the most complete stegosaur described from Europe. Miragaia shared anatomical features that show a close affinity to Alcovasaurus longispinus, confirming this to be the first known dacentrurine stegosaur in America, coherent with the hypothesis of an ephemeral land bridge between North America and Iberia that allowed faunal exchange.

Klíčová slova:

Cervical vertebrae – Dinosaurs – Ischium – Spine – Vertebrae – Ribs – Ilium


Zdroje

1. Galton PM, Upchurch P. Stegosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2004:343–62.

2. Marsh OC. A new order of extinct reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. Am J Sci. 3rd series 1877;14:34–5.

3. Farlow JO, Hayashi S, Tattersall GJ. Internal vascularity of the dermal plates of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora). Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 2010 Sep 1;103(2):173–85.

4. Main RP, De Ricqlès A, Horner JR, Padian K. The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology. 2005 Apr;31(2):291–314.

5. Padian K, Horner JR. The evolution of ‘bizarre structures’ in dinosaurs: biomechanics, sexual selection, social selection or species recognition?. Journal of Zoology. 2011 Jan 1;283(1):3–17.

6. Saitta ET. Evidence for sexual dimorphism in the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus mjosi (Ornithischia, Stegosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of western USA. PLoS One 2015; 10 (4): e0123503. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123503 25901727.

7. McWhinney LA, Rothschild BM, Carpenter K. Posttraumatic chronic osteomyelitis in Stegosaurus dermal spikes. The armored dinosaurs. 2001:141–56.

8. Mallison H. Defense capabilities of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig, 1915. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2011 Jan 1;14(2):1–25.

9. Maidment SCR, Norman DB, Barrett PM, Upchurch P. Systematics and phylogeney of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). J Syst Palaeontol. 2008; 6:364–407.

10. Mantell GA. XIII. On the structure of the jaws and teeth of the Iguanodon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1848 Jan 1;138:183–202.

11. Atherstone WG. Geology of Uitenhage. Eastern Province Monthly Magazine. 1857 Jun;1(10):518–32.

12. Owen R. A Monograph on the Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations: Genera Bothriospondylus, Cetiosaurus, Omosaurus/by Owen. Palaeontographical Society; 1875.

13. Sereno PC. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria [41–83]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen. 1998 Nov 10:41–83.

14. Butler RJ, Upchurch P, Norman DB. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2008 Jan 1;6(1):1–40.

15. Marsh OC. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part IX: The skull and dermal armor of Stegosaurus. Am J Sci. 3rd series 1887;34:413–7.

16. Brown B, Kaisen PC. The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the AMNH. 1908; v. 24, article 12.

17. Raven TJ, Maidment SCR. A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Palaeontology. 2017 May;60(3):401–18.

18. Galton PM, Carpenter K. The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen. 2016 Feb 5;279(2):185–208.

19. Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, USA. PloS one. 2015 Oct 14;10(10):e0138352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138352 26466098

20. Carpenter K, Miles CA, Cloward K. New primitive stegosaur from the Morrison Formation, Wyoming. In Carpenter K, editor. The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2001:55–75.

21. Escaso F, Ortega F, Dantas P, Malafaia E, Pimentel NL, Pereda-Suberbiola X, et al. New evidence of shared dinosaur across Upper Jurassic Proto-North Atlantic: Stegosaurus from Portugal. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94: 367–374. doi: 10.1007/s00114-006-0209-8 17187254.

22. Mateus O, Maidment SCR, Christiansen NA. A new long-necked ‘sauropod-mimic’ stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs. P Roy Soc Lond B Bio. 2009;276:1815–21.

23. Maidment SCR. Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationships. Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 2010 Sep 1;103(2):199–210.

24. Raven T. The first phylogenetical super-matrix of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Thyreophora). 78th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Albuquerque: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts. 2018 Oct:201–2.

25. Lucas FA. A new generic name for Stegosaurus marshi. Science. 1902;16:435. doi: 10.1126/science.16.402.435 17771815

26. Leidy JO. Notices of extinct vertebrated animals discovered by Prof. E. Emmons. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 1856;8:255–6.

27. Galton PM. British plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae). J Vertebr Paleontol. 1985;5:211–54.

28. Buckland W. XXI—Notice on the Megalosaurus or great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield. Transactions of the Geological Society of London. 1824 Jan 1;2(2):390–6.

29. Galton PM. Postcranial remains of the stegosaurian dinosaur Dacentrurus from the Upper Jurassic of France and Portugal. Geologica et Paleontologica 1991;25:299–327.

30. Escaso F, Ortega F, Sanz JU, Malafaia E. The systematic utility of the ilio-sacral blocks of the european stegosaur Dacentrurus armatus. 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts. 2011:105.

31. Owen R. Monographs on the British Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations. Part III. Omosaurus (continued). Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society. 1877 Feb 1;31(141):95–7.

32. Nopcsa F. Omosaurus lennieri, un nouveau dinosaurian du Cap de la Hève. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie 1911;30:23–42. French.

33. Gilmore CW. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin 1914;89:1–143.

34. Dong ZM, Li XM, Zhou SW, Chang YH. [Stegosaurian remain from Zigeng (Tzekung), Zsechuan Province]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 1977 Jan 1;15(4):307. Chinese.

35. de Lapparent AF, Zbyszewski G. Les dinosauriens du Portugal. Direction Générale des Mines et Services Géologiques; 1957. French.

36. Zbyszewski G. Les ossements d’Omosaurus découverts près de Baleal (Peniche). Com. Serv. Geol. de Portugal. 1946;28:135–44. French.

37. Mateus O. Dinossauros do Jurássico Superior de Portugal, com destaque para os saurísquios [dissertation]. Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2005. Portuguese.

38. Owen R. Monographs on the British Fossil Reptilia from the Oolitic Formations. Part First, Containing Scelidosaurus harrisonii and Pliosaurus grandis. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society. 1861 Dec 1;13(56):1–4.

39. Galton PM. A juvenile stegosaurian dinosaur, “Astrodon pusillus,” from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, with comments on Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous biogeography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1981 Dec 1;1(3–4):245–56.

40. Antunes MT, Mateus O. Dinosaurs of Portugal. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2003 Jan 1;2(1):77–95.

41. Escaso F, Ortega F, Dantas P, Malafaia E, Silva B, Sanz JL. Elementos postcraneales de Dacentrurus (Dinosauria: Stegosauria) del Jurásico Superior de Moçafaneira (Torres Vedras, Portugal). Cantera Paleontológica. 2007:157–71. Spanish.

42. Marsh OC. Notice of new Jurassic reptiles. Am J Sci. 3rd series 1879;18:501–5.

43. Escaso F, Ortega F, Dantas P, Malafaia E, Silva B, Sanz JL. Estudio preliminar del material de estegosaurio de Vale Pombas (Portugal): nueva evidencia de Stegosaurus en el Jurásico Superior del suroeste europeo. Libro de resumenes XXIV Jornadas de la Sociedad Espanola de Paleontologia, Colunga. 2008:107–8. Spanish.

44. Salminen J, Dinis J, Mateus O. Preliminary Magnetostratigraphy for the Jurassic–Cretaceous Transition in Porto da Calada, Portugal. In STRATI 2013 2014 (pp. 873–877). Springer, Cham.

45. Guillaume A, Costa F, Mateus O. Stegosaur tracks from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: new occurrences and perspectives. Ciências da Terra. Forthcoming 2019.

46. Mateus O, Milàn J. Ichnological evidence for giant ornithopod dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Lourinha Formation, Portugal. Oryctos. 2008;8:47–52.

47. Mateus O, Milàn J. A diverse Upper Jurassic dinosaur ichnofauna from central‐west Portugal. Lethaia. 2010 Jun;43(2):245–57.

48. Mateus O, Milàn J, Romano M, Whyte MA. New finds of stegosaur tracks from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation, Portugal. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2011 Sep;56(3):651–8.

49. Casanovas-Cladellas ML, Santafé-Llopis JV, Pereda-Suberbiola X. Nuevo material de estegosaurios en el Cretácico Inferior de Valencia (Aras de Alpuente, localidad de Losilla I). Paleontologia i Evolució. 1995(28–29):269–74. Spanish.

50. Casanovas-Cladellas ML, Santafé-Llopis JV. Presencia, por primera vez en España, de dinosaurios estegosaurios. Revista Española de Paleontología. 1995;10(1):83–9. Spanish.

51. Casanovas-Cladellas ML, Santafé-Llopis JV, Santisteban-Bové C. Dacentrurus armatus (Stegosauria, Dinosauria) del Cretácico Inferior de Los Serranos (Valencia, España). Revista española de paleontología. 1995(2):273–83. Spanish.

52. Casanovas-Cladellas ML, Santafé-Llopis JV, Santisteban-Bove C, Pereda-Suberbiola X. Estegosaurios (Dinosauria) del Jurasico superior-Cretacico inferior de la Comarca de los Serranos (Valencia, Espana). Revista Española de Paleontología No. extr. Homenaje al Prof. J. Truyols 1999:57–63. Spanish.

53. Cobos A, Gascó F. New vertebral remains of the stegosaurian dinosaur Dacentrurus from Riodeva (Teruel, Spain). Sociedade Geológica de España. Geocaceta. 2013;53:17–20.

54. Cobos A, Royo-Torres R, Alcalá L. 2008. Presencia del estegosaurio Dacentrurus en Riodeva (Teruel). Libro de resúmenes. XXIV Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología. Museo del Jurásico de Asturias (MUJA), Colunga. 2008 Oct:89–90. Spanish.

55. Cobos A, Royo-Torres R, Alcalá L, Luque L, Mampel L. Stegosaurian dinosaurs from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation of Teruel (Spain). In Symposium on Stegosauria Switzerland. Abstracts of the Scientific Meeting at the Sauriermuseum Aathal 2009:2.

56. Cobos A, Royo-Torres R, Luque L, Alcalá L, Mampel L. An Iberian stegosaurs paradise: The Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian) in Teruel (Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2010 Jul 1;293(1–2):223–36.

57. Company J, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Ruiz-Omeñaca JI. [New stegosaurian (Ornithischia, Thyreophora) remains from Jurassic-Cretaceous transition beds of Valencia province (Southwestern Iberian Range, Spain)]. Journal of Iberian Geology. 2010 Jul 1;36(2):243. Spanish.

58. Ruiz-Omeñaca JI. Restos de dinosaurios (Saurischia, Ornithischia) del Barremiense superior (Cretácico inferior) de Castellote (Teruel) en el Muséum Nacional d’Histoire Naturelle de París. Mas de las Matas. 2000;19:39–119. Spanish.

59. Ruiz-Omeñaca JI, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Piñuela L, García Ramos JC. First evidence of stegosaurs (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) in the Vega Formation, Kimmeridgian, Asturias, N Spain. 2013

60. Pereda-Suberbiola X, Galton PM, Torcida F, Huerta P, Izquierdo LÁ, Montero D, et al. First Stegosaurian Dinosaur remains from the Early Cretaceous of Burgos (Spain), with a review of Cretaceous stegosaurs. Estudios Geológicos. 2003;55:267–72.

61. Pereda-Suberbiola X, Galton PM, Ruiz-Omeñaca JI, Canudo JI. Dermal spines of stegosaurian dinosaurs from the lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Barremian) of Galve (Teruel, Aragon, Spain). Geogaceta. 2005;38:35–8.

62. Mateus O, Maidment SCR, Christiansen NA. A new specimen aff. Dacentrurus armatus (Dinosauria: Stegosauridae) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. In III Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados–Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Libro de Resúmenes. 2008:157.

63. Dong ZM. [Dinosaurs from Wuerho]. Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoir 1973;11:45–52. Chinese.

64. Sereno PC. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2137–47. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2137 10381873

65. Ortega F, Malafaia E, Escaso F, Pérez-García A, Dantas P. Faunas de répteis do Jurássico Superior de Portugal. Paleolusitana. 2009;1:43–56. Portuguese.

66. Galton PM. Partial skeleton of Dracopelta zbyszewskii n. gen. and n. sp., an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Géobios. 1980 Jan 1;13(3):451–7.

67. Pereda-Suberbiola X, Dantas P, Galton PM, Sanz JL. Autopodium of the holotype of Dracopelta zbyszewskii (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) and its type horizon and locality (Upper Jurassic: Tithonian, western Portugal). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen. 2005 Mar 17:175–96.

68. Costa F, Silva T, Fernandes J, Calvo R, Mateus O. Retracing the history of a stegosaurian dinosaur discovery in Portugal and the importance of record-keeping in Palaentology. Abstract book of the XV Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Paleontología/XV Encontro de Jovens Investigadores em Paleontologia, Lisboa. 2017:119–24.

69. Dantas P, Sanz JL, Silva CM, Ortega F, Santos VF, Cachão M. Lourinhasaurus n. gen. Novo dinossáurio saurópode do Jurássico superior (Kimeridgíano superior-Titoniano inferior) de Portugal. Actas Do V Congresso Nacional de Geologia—Com. Inst. Geol. Mineiro. 1998;84:91–4. Portuguese.

70. Mocho P, Royo-Torres R, Ortega F. Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2014 Mar 28;170(4):875–916.

71. Mota TSA. Os Serviços Geológicos entre 1918 e 1974: da quase morte a uma nova vida. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa. 2007. Portuguese.

72. França JC, Zbyszewski G, Almeida FM. Carta geológica de Portugal. Notícia explicativa da Folha 26-C Peniche. Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisbon. 1960:1–33. Portuguese.

73. Mateus O. Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinha and Alcobaça formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006;36:223–31.

74. Mateus O, Dinis J, Cunha PP. The Lourinhã Formation: the Upper Jurassic to lower most Cretaceous of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal–landscapes where dinosaurs walked. Ciências da Terra/Earth Sciences Journal. 2017;19(1):75–97.

75. Manuppella G. Carta Geológica de Portugal. Noticia explicativa da folha 30-A: Lourinhã. Instituto Geológico e Mineiro. Departamento de Geologia, Lisbon; 1999:1–83. Portuguese.

76. França JC, Zbyszewski G, Almeida FM. Carta Geológica de Portugal. Notícia explicativa da Folha 30-A Lourinhã. Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisbon; 1961:1–27. Portuguese.

77. Zbyszewski G, Almeida FM, Assunção CT. Carta Geológica de Portugal. Notícia explicativa da folha 30-C Torres Vedras. Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisbon; 1955:1–33. Portuguese.

78. Brikiatis L. Late Mesozoic North Atlantic land bridges. Earth-Science Reviews. 2016 Aug 1;159:47–57.

79. Mateus O, Walen A, Antunes MT. The large theropod fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to that of the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: Bulletin 36. 2006;36:123.

80. Mateus O. Late Jurassic of Morrison Formation and Portugal tetrapods compared: a model to explain faunal exchange and similarity. 76th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Salt Late City: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts. 2016 Oct:185.

81. Lockley MG, Garcia-Ramos JC, Pinuela L, Avanzini M. A review of vertebrate track assemblages from the Late Jurassic of Asturias, Spain with comparative notes on coeval ichnofaunas from the western USA: implications for faunal diversity in siliciclastic facies assemblages. Oryctos. 2008;8:53–70.

82. Galton PM, Jensen JA. A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 1979;26(2):1–2.

83. Marsh OC. ART. LIII.—Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science and Arts (1820–1879). 1877 Dec 1;14(84):514.

84. Marsh OC. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs; Part VIII, the order Theropoda. American Journal of Science. 1884 Apr 1(160):329–340.

85. Jensen JA. Three new sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. The Great Basin Naturalist. 1985 Oct 31:697–709.

86. Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1842;11:60–204.

87. Seeley HG. I. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 1888 Jan 1;43(258–265):165–171.

88. Nopcsa F. Die Dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen Landesteile Ungarns. Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der KöniglichUngarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 1915;23:1–26. German.

89. Marsh OC. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part III. Am J Sci. 3rd series 1880;19:253–259.

90. Lydekker R. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum, part IV, containing the orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata, Caudata and Labyrinthodontia. British Museum of Natural History, London. 1890:294.

91. Hennig E. Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus; die Stegosaurierfunde vom Tendaguru, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Palaeontographica-Supplementbände. 1925 Jan 1:101–254. German.

92. Olshevsky G, Ford T. The origin and evolution of the stegosaurs. Dino-Frontline. 1993;4:64–103. Japanese.

93. Ulansky RE. [Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia)]. Dinologia. 2014:1–35. Russian.

94. Ulansky RE. [Natronasaurus longispinus, 100 years with another name]. Dinologia. 2014:1–10d. Russian.

95. Raven T. A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Newsletter of the Palaeontological Association. 2016;93:64–8.

96. Romer AS. Osteology of the Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles; 1956.

97. Galton PM. Skull bones and endocranial casts of stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus Hennig, 1915 from Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Geologica et Palaeontologica. 1988;22:123–43.

98. Hennig E. Kentrosaurus aethiopicus, der Stegosauride des Tendaguru. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 1915;1915:219–47. German.

99. Dong ZM, Tang ZL, Zhou SW. Note on the new mid-Jurassic stegosaur from Sichuan Basin, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 1982 Jan 1;20(1):83. Chinese.

100. Sereno PC, Dong ZM. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1992 Sep 3;12(3):318–43.

101. Maidment SCR, Woodruff DC, Horner JR. A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA, and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2018 Jan 2;38(1):e1406366.

102. Galton PM. Juveniles of the stegosaurian dinosaur Stegosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1982 May 1;2(1):47–62.

103. Galton PM. The postcranial anatomy of stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Geologica et Palaeontologica. 1982;15:139–60.

104. Dong Z, Zhou S, Zhang Y. [Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan]. Palaeontologica Sinica. 1983;162(C23):1–51. Chinese.

105. Hennig E. Ein Dentale von Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus Hennig. Palaeontographica-Supplementbände. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1936;309–12. German.

106. Ostrom JA, McIntosh JS. Marsh's Dinosaurs. The Collections from Como Bluff. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1999.

107. Mallison H. CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig 1915. Swiss J Geosci. 2010;103:211–33

108. Ouyang H. [Discovery of Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis and its scapular spine orientation]. In Abstracts and summaries for youth academic symposium on new discoveries and ideas in stratigraphic paleontology 1992 Dec;47(9). Chinese.

109. Maidment SCR, Wei GB. A review of Late Jurassic stegosaurs from the People’s Republic of China. Geol Mag. 2006;143:621–34.

110. Galton PM. Notes on plated dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), mostly on dermal armor from Middle and Upper Jurassic of England (also France, Iberia), with a revised diagnosis for Loricatosaurus priscus (Callovian, England). Neues Jahrb für Geol und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; 2016;282(1):1–25.

111. Bakker RT. The Dinosaur Heresies: New theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction (481 pp.). New York: William Morrow. 1986.

112. Carpenter K, Sanders F, McWhinney LA, Wood L. Evidence of predator-prey relationships: examples for Allosaurus and Stegosaurus. In: Carpenter K, editor. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2005:325–50.

113. McWhinney LA, Rothschild BM, Carpenter K. Posttraumatic chronic osteomyelitis in Stegosaurus dermal spikes. In: Carpenter K, editor. The Armored Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2001:141–156.

114. Bakker RT, Zoehfeld KW, Mossbrucker MT. Stegosaurian Martial Arts: A Jurassic Carnivore Stabbed by a Tail Spike, Evidence for Dynamic Interactions between a Live Herbivore and a Live Predator. In Gelogical Society of America (GSA) Annual Meeting, 2014 Oct 21;221.


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 11
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

plice
INSIGHTS from European Respiratory Congress
nový kurz

Současné pohledy na riziko v parodontologii
Autoři: MUDr. Ladislav Korábek, CSc., MBA

Svět praktické medicíny 3/2024 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Kardiologické projevy hypereozinofilií
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Petr Němec, Ph.D.

Střevní příprava před kolonoskopií
Autoři: MUDr. Klára Kmochová, Ph.D.

Všechny kurzy
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#