Humpback whale song occurrence reflects ecosystem variability in feeding and migratory habitat of the northeast Pacific
Autoři:
John P. Ryan aff001; Danelle E. Cline aff001; John E. Joseph aff002; Tetyana Margolina aff002; Jarrod A. Santora aff003; Raphael M. Kudela aff004; Francisco P. Chavez aff001; J. Timothy Pennington aff001; Christopher Wahl aff001; Reiko Michisaki aff001; Kelly Benoit-Bird aff001; Karin A. Forney aff005; Alison K. Stimpert aff007; Andrew DeVogelaere aff008; Nancy Black aff009; Mark Fischer aff010
Působiště autorů:
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
aff001; Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, United States of America
aff002; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
aff003; Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
aff004; Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
aff005; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
aff006; Bioacoustics/Vertebrate Ecology, San Jose State University, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
aff007; Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, California, United States of America
aff008; Monterey Bay Whale Watch, Monterey, California, United States of America
aff009; Aguasonic Acoustics, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
aff010
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222456
Souhrn
This study examines the occurrence of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song in the northeast Pacific from three years of continuous recordings off central California (36.713°N, 122.186°W). Song is prevalent in this feeding and migratory habitat, spanning nine months of the year (September–May), peaking in winter (November–January), and reaching a maximum of 86% temporal coverage (during November 2017). From the rise of song in fall through the end of peak occurrence in winter, song length increases significantly from month to month. The seasonal peak in song coincides with the seasonal trough in day length and sighting-based evidence of whales leaving Monterey Bay, consistent with seasonal migration. During the seasonal song peak, diel variation shows maximum occurrence at night (69% of the time), decreasing during dawn and dusk (52%), and further decreasing with increasing solar elevation during the day, reaching a minimum near solar noon (30%). Song occurrence increased 44% and 55% between successive years. Sighting data within the acoustic detection range of the hydrophone indicate that variation in local population density was an unlikely cause of this large interannual variation. Hydrographic data and modeling of acoustic transmission indicate that changes in neither habitat occupancy nor acoustic transmission were probable causes. Conversely, the positive interannual trend in song paralleled major ecosystem variations, including similarly large positive trends in wind-driven upwelling, primary productivity, and krill abundance. Further, the lowest song occurrence during the first year coincided with anomalously warm ocean temperatures and an extremely toxic harmful algal bloom that affected whales and other marine mammals in the region. These major ecosystem variations may have influenced the health and behavior of humpback whales during the study period.
Klíčová slova:
Biology and life sciences – Organisms – Eukaryota – Animals – Vertebrates – Amniotes – Mammals – Marine mammals – Whales – Humpback whales – Marine biology – Bioacoustics – Ecology – Ecosystems – Psychology – Behavior – Animal behavior – Foraging – Animal migration – Animal sexual behavior – Zoology – Earth sciences – Marine and aquatic sciences – Seasons – Seasonal variations – Physical sciences – Physics – Acoustics – Ecology and environmental sciences – Habitats – Social sciences
Zdroje
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