Gibberellic acid in Citrus spp. flowering and fruiting: A systematic review
Autoři:
Alfonso Garmendia aff001; Roberto Beltrán aff002; Carlos Zornoza aff003; Francisco J. García-Breijo aff002; José Reig aff004; Hugo Merle aff002
Působiště autorů:
Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
aff001; Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
aff002; S.A. Explotaciones Agrícolas Serrano (SAEAS), Picassent, Valencia, Spain
aff003; Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Jardín Botánico Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
aff004
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223147
Souhrn
Background
In Citrus spp., gibberellic acid (GA) has been proposed to improve different processes related to crop cycle and yield. Accordingly, many studies have been published about how GA affects flowering and fruiting. Nevertheless, some such evidence is contradictory and the use of GA applications by farmers are still confusing and lack the expected results.
Purpose
This review aims to collate, present, analyze and synthesize the most relevant empirical evidence to answer the following questions: (i) how does gibberellic acid act on flowering and fruiting of citrus trees?; (ii) why is all this knowledge sometimes not correctly used by farmers to solve yield problems relating to flowering and fruit set?
Methods
An extensive literature search to obtain a large number of records about the topic was done. Searches were done in five databases: WoS, Scopus, Google Academics, PubMed and Scielo. The search string used was "Gibberellic acid" AND "Citrus". Records were classified into 11 groups according to the development process they referred to and initial data extraction was done. Records related with flowering and fruit set were drawn, and full texts were screened. Fifty-eight full text records were selected for the final data extraction.
Results
Selected studies were published from 1959 to 2017 and were published mainly in Spain, USA, Brazil and Japan. Twelve species were studied, and Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata and C. unshiu were the principal ones. Most publications with pre-flowering treatments agreed that GA decreases flowering, while only 3 out of 18 did not observe any effect. In most of these studies, the effect on fruit set and yield was not evaluated. Studies with treatments at full bloom or some weeks later mostly reported increased fruit set. However, these increases did not imply higher yields. The results on yield were highly erratic as we found increases, decreases, no effects or variable effects.
Conclusions
Despite some limitations, the action of GA related to cell division and growth, stimulating the sink ability of the organ and discouraging its abscission, has been clearly established through reviewed studies. GA applications before flowering counteract the floral induction caused by stress reducing flowering. However, on adult trees under field conditions, reducing flowering by applying GA would be difficult because it would be necessary to previously estimate the natural floral induction of trees. During flowering and fruit set, many problems may arise that limit production. Only when the problem is lack of fruit set stimulus can GA applications improve yields. However, much evidence suggests that the main factor-limiting yield would be carbohydrate availability rather than GA levels. GA applications increased fruit set (often transiently), but this increase did not mean improved yields.
Klíčová slova:
Carbohydrates – Database searching – Flowers – Fruits – Leaves – Gibberellins – Oranges – Citrus
Zdroje
1. Kende H, Zeevaart JA. The five" Classical" plant hormones. The plant cell. 1997;9: 1197–1210. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.7.1197 12237383
2. Dilip WS, Singh D, Moharana D, Rout S, Patra SS. Effect of Gibberellic Acid (GA) Different Concentrations at Different Time Intervals on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Rangpur Lime. J Agroeco Nat Resource Management. 2017;4: 157–165.
3. le Roux S, Barry GH. Vegetative Growth Responses of Citrus Nursery Trees to Various Growth Retardants. Horttechnology. 2010;20: 197–201.
4. Tan M-L, Song J-K, Deng X-X. Production of two mandarin x trifoliate orange hybrid populations via embryo rescue with verification by SSR analysis. Euphytica. 2007;157: 155–160. doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9407-5
5. Hanzaii MM, Tafazoli E. Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3), naphtalin acetic acid (NAA), ethephon and urea on alternate bearing control in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2002;6: 91–103.
6. Greenberg J, Holtzman S, Fainzack M, Egozi Y, Giladi B, Oren Y, et al. Effects of NAA and GA 3 Sprays on fruit size and the incidence of creasing of “Washington” navel orange. Acta Horticulturae. 2010;884: 273–280.
7. Bermejo A, Primo-Millo E, Agusti M, Mesejo C, Reig C, Iglesias DJ. Hormonal Profile in Ovaries of Mandarin Varieties with Differing Reproductive Behaviour. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2015;34: 584–594. doi: 10.1007/s00344-015-9492-y
8. Davies FS, Zalman G. Gibberellic acid, fruit freezing, and post-freeze quality of “Hamlin” oranges. HortTechnology. 2006;16: 301–305.
9. Guardiola JL. Overview of flower bud induction, flowering and fruit set. Proceedings of Citrus Flowering and Fruit short course IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida. 1997. pp. 5–21.
10. Stover E. Relationship of flowering intensity and cropping in fruit species. HortTechnology. 2000;10: 729–732.
11. Stephenson AG. Flower and fruit abortion: proximate causes and ultimate functions. Annual review of ecology and systematics. 1981;12: 253–279.
12. Davenport TL. Citrus flowering. Horticultural Reviews. 1990;12: 349–408.
13. Jahn O. Effects of ethephon, gibberellin, and Ba on fruiting of Dancy tangerines. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1981;106: 597–600.
14. Takagi T, Tomiyasu A, Matsushima M, Suzuki T. Seasonal-changes of Ga-like substances in fruit and current shoots of Satsuma mandarin trees. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 1989;58: 569–573.
15. Johnson RS, Handley DF. Thinning response of early, mid-, late-season peaches. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (USA). 1989;414: 852–855.
16. Gravina A, Gambetta G, Rey F, Guimaraes N. Mejora de la productividad en mandarina ‘Afourer’ en aislamiento de polinización cruzada. Agrociencia Uruguay. 2016;20: 22–28.
17. Goldschmidt E, Aschkenazi N, Herzano Y, Schaffer A, Monselise S. A Role for Carbohydrate-Levels in the Control of Flowering in Citrus. Scientia Horticulturae. 1985;26: 159–166. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(85)90008-1
18. Mahouachi J, Iglesias DJ, Agusti M, Talon M. Delay of early fruitlet abscission by branch girdling in citrus coincides with previous increases in carbohydrate and gibberellin concentrations. Plant Growth Regulation. 2009;58: 15–23. doi: 10.1007/s10725-008-9348-6
19. Gallasch P. Attempts to Control Alternate Cropping of Valencia Orange by Inhibiting Flower Formation with Gibberellic-Acid. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 1978;18: 309–312. doi: 10.1071/EA9780309
20. Martinez-Fuentes A, Mesejo C, Munoz-Fambuena N, Reig C, Gonzalez-Mas MC, Iglesias DJ, et al. Fruit load restricts the flowering promotion effect of paclobutrazol in alternate bearing Citrus spp. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013;151: 122–127. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2012.12.014
21. Moss G, Bevington K. Use of Gibberellic-Acid to Control Alternate Cropping of Late Valencia Sweet Orange. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1977;28: 1041–1054. doi: 10.1071/AR9771041
22. Shalom L, Samuels S, Zur N, Shlizerman L, Zemach H, Weissberg M, et al. Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Changes in the Expression of Flowering Control Genes and in Global Gene Expression in ON- versus OFF-Crop Trees. Plos One. 2012;7: e46930. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046930 23071667
23. Monselise S. Use of Growth-Regulators in Citriculture—Review. Sci Hortic. 1979;11: 151–162. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(79)90040-2
24. Guardiola JL, Almela V, Barrés MT. Dual effect of auxins on fruit growth in Satsuma mandarin. Scientia Horticulturae. 1988;34: 229–237. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(88)90096-9
25. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. 2009;151: 264–269. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 19622511
26. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018. https://www.R-project.org/
27. RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R [Internet]. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc.; 2016. http://www.rstudio.com/
28. Wickham H, Chang W, Henry L, Pedersen TL, Takahashi K, Wilke C, et al. ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics [Internet]. 2018. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2
29. Bojanowski M, Edwards R. alluvial: Alluvial Diagrams [Internet]. 2016. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=alluvial
30. Wilke CO. cowplot: Streamlined Plot Theme and Plot Annotations for “ggplot2” [Internet]. 2019. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cowplot
31. Neuwirth E. RColorBrewer: ColorBrewer Palettes [Internet]. 2014. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RColorBrewer
32. Rudis B, Gandy D. waffle: Create Waffle Chart Visualizations in R [Internet]. 2017. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=waffle
33. Altman A, Goren R. Interrelationship of Abscisic Acid and Gibberellic Acid in the Promotion of Callus Formation in the Abscission Zone of Citrus Bud Cultures. Physiologia Plantarum. 1974;32: 55–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1974.tb03726.x
34. Altman A, Gülsen Y, Goren R. Growth and metabolic activity of lemon juice vesicle explants in vitro. Plant Physiol. 1982;69: 1–6. doi: 10.1104/pp.69.1.1 16662136
35. Amo-Marco JB. Effect of plant growth regulators and orange juice on growth of callus from fruit tissues of washington navel orange. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 1997;45: 293–296. doi: 10.1080/07929978.1997.10676692
36. Gmitter FG Jr., Ling XB, Deng XX. Induction of triploid Citrus plants from endosperm calli in vitro. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1990;80: 785–790. doi: 10.1007/BF00224192 24221109
37. Spiegel-Roy P, Saad S. Effect of carbohydrates and inhibitors of GA3 biosynthesis on embryogenenic potential of salt tolerant and non-tolerant callus lines of orange (Citrus sinensis osbeck). Plant Science. 1986;47: 215–220. doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(86)90181-0
38. Shen X, Orbovic V, Dutt M, Castle WS, Gmitter FG. Direct Shoot Organogenesis in Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack: A Prerequisite for Genetic Transformation. Hortscience. 2013;48: 938–941.
39. Kunitake H, Kagami H, Mii M. Plant-regeneration from protoplasts of Satsuma mandarine (Citrus unshiu Marc) via somatic embryogenesis. Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly. 1991;24: 287–291.
40. de Siqueira DL, Cecon PR, Chamhum Salomao LC. Growth of “Volkameriano” lemmon tree treated with paclobutrazol and giberellic acid. Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura. 2008;30: 764–768. doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452008000300034
41. Dizon FS III, Cuevas SE, Barba RC, Patena LF. Growth acceleration of calamandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco x C. madurensis lour.) by gibberellic acid and photoperiod. Philippine Journal of Crop Science (Philippines). 2005;30: 67.
42. Mehouachi J, Tadeo FR, Zaragoza S, Primo-Millo E, Talon M. Effects of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol on growth and carbohydrate accumulation in shoots and roots of citrus rootstock seedlings. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1996;71: 747–754. doi: 10.1080/14620316.1996.11515455
43. Modesto JC, Rodrigues JD, de Pinho SZ. Gibberellic acid and the development of mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex. Tanaka) seedlings. Scientia Agricola. 1999;56: 289–294.
44. Sharaf MM, Atawia AR, Bakry KA, EL-Rouby MZ. Effect of pre-sowing seeds soak in different GA3 and ZnSO4 solutions on germination and growth of Cleopatra mandarin and Rangpur lime rootstocks. Middle East J Agric Res. 2016;5: 233–238.
45. Khan MM, Usman M, Waseem R, Ali MA. Role of gibberellic acid (GA3) on citrus seed germination and study of some morphological characteristics. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2002;39: 113–118.
46. Cavusoglu A, Sulusoglu M. The effects of exogenous gibberellin on seed germination of the fruit species. 2015;8: 4.
47. Gambetta G, Gravina A, Fasiolo C, Fornero C, Galiger S, Inzaurralde C, et al. Self-incompatibility, parthenocarpy and reduction of seed presence in “Afourer” mandarin. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013;164: 183–188. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.002
48. Garmendia A, Beltrán R, Zornoza C, Breijo F, Reig J, Bayona I, et al. Insect repellent and chemical agronomic treatments to reduce seed number in ‘Afourer’ mandarin. Effect on yield and fruit diameter. Scientia Horticulturae. 2019;246: 437–447. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.025
49. Serpa Domingues MC, Rodrigues JD. Reduction of seeds in “Honey” orange by application of plant growth regulators during reproductive stages. Ciencia E Agrotecnologia. 2007;31: 758–764. doi: 10.1590/S1413-70542007000300023
50. Altaf N, Khan AR. The seedless trait in kinnow fruit. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2007;39: 2003–2008.
51. Alos E, Cercos M, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Talon M. Regulation of color break in citrus fruits. Changes in pigment profiling and gene expression induced by gibberellins and nitrate, two ripening retardants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54: 4888–4895. doi: 10.1021/jf0606712 16787044
52. Coggins C, Henning GL. Grapefruit rind blemish caused by interaction of gibberellic acid and wetting agents. International Citrus. Congress (6th: 1988: Tel Aviv, Israel): Margraf. 1988. pp. 333–338.
53. Coggins CW Jr, Scora RW, Lewis LN, Knapp JCF. Gibberellin-Delayed Senescence and Essential Oil Changes in the Navel Orange Rind. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1969;17: 807–809. doi: 10.1021/jf60164a034
54. Devi A, Sharma N, Wali VK, Bakshi P, Jamwal M, Kumar R. Effects of Preharvest Bioregulator Application on Shelf-Life and Disease Incidence During Storage of Kinnow Mandarin. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2016;45: 1091–1099.
55. El-Otmani M, Coggins CW Jr.. Growth regulator effects on retention of quality of stored citrus fruits. Scientia Horticulturae. 1991;45: 261–272. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(91)90072-7
56. El-Otmani M, M’Barek AA, Coggins CW Jr.. GA3 and 2,4-D prolong on-tree storage of citrus in Morocco. Scientia Horticulturae. 1990;44: 241–249. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(90)90124-W
57. Fidelibus MW, Davies FS, Campbell CA. Gibberellic acid application timing affects fruit quality of processing oranges. Hortscience. 2002;37: 353–357.
58. Fidelibus MW, Koch KE, Davies FS. Gibberellic acid alters sucrose, hexoses, and their gradients in peel tissues during color break delay in “Hamlin” orange. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2008;133: 760–767.
59. Mcdonald RE, Greany PD, Shaw PE, Mccollum TG. Preharvest applications of gibberellic acid delay senescence of Florida grapefruit. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1997;72: 461–468. doi: 10.1080/14620316.1997.11515534
60. Zea-Hernández LO, Saucedo-Veloz C, Cruz-Huerta N, Ramírez-Guzmán ME, Robles-González MM. Evaluation of post-harvest applications of gibberellic acid on the quality and shelf life of three varieties of Mexican lime. Revista Chapingo, Serie Horticultura. 2016;22: 17–26. doi: 10.5154/r.rchsh.2015.01.005
61. Bower JP. The physiological control of citrus creasing. In: Albrigo LG, Sauco VG, editors. Citrus and Other Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Crops: Issues, Advances and Opportunities. 2004. pp. 111–115.
62. Treeby MT, Storey R. Calcium-spray treatments for ameliorating albedo breakdown in navel oranges. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 2002;42: 495–502. doi: 10.1071/EA00149
63. Li J, Liang C, Liu X, Huai B, Chen J, Yao Q, et al. Effect of Zn and NAA co-treatment on the occurrence of creasing fruit and the peel development of “Shatangju” mandarin. Scientia Horticulturae. 2016;201: 230–237. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.039
64. Garcia-Hurtado N, Carrera E, Ruiz-Rivero O, Pilar Lopez-Gresa M, Hedden P, Gong F, et al. The characterization of transgenic tomato overexpressing gibberellin 20-oxidase reveals induction of parthenocarpic fruit growth, higher yield, and alteration of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012;63: 5803–5813. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers229 22945942
65. Kojima K, Shiozaki K, Koshita Y, Ishida M. Changes of endogenous levels of ABA, IAA and GA-like substances in fruitlets of parthenocarpic persimmon. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 1999;68: 242–247.
66. Salazar-Garcia S, Lovatt CJ. Winter trunk injections of gibberellic acid altered the fate of “Hass” avocado buds: Effects on inflorescence type, number and rate of development. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology. 1999;74: 69–73. doi: 10.1080/14620316.1999.11511074
67. Goldschmidt E. Endogenous Growth-Substances of Citrus Tissues. Hortscience. 1976;11: 95–99.
68. El-Otmani M, Lovatt C, Coggins C, Agusti M. Plant-Growth Regulators in Citriculture—Factors Regulating Endogenous Levels in Citrus Tissues. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 1995;14: 367–412.
69. El-Otmani M, Coggins CW, Agusti M, Lovatt CJ. Plant growth regulators in citriculture: World current uses. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2000;19: 395–447.
70. Martinez-cortina C, Sanz A. Comparison between the effect of the fruit and of exogenous GA3-applications on source-sink relationships in Citrus sprouts. Annals of Botany. 1991;68: 143–149.
71. Mahouachi J, Gómez-Cadenas A, Primo-Millo E, Talon M. Antagonistic changes between abscisic acid and gibberellins in citrus fruits subjected to a series of different water conditions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2005;24: 179–187. doi: 10.1007/s00344-004-0001-y
72. Chao CCT, Khuong T, Zheng Y, Lovatt CJ. Response of evergreen perennial tree crops to gibberellic acid is crop load-dependent. I: GA3 increases the yield of commercially valuable “Nules” Clementine Mandarin fruit only in the off-crop year of an alternate bearing orchard. Scientia Horticulturae. 2011;130: 743–752. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.08.036
73. McFadyen L, Robertson D, Sedgley M, Kristiansen P, Olesen T. Effects of girdling on fruit abscission, yield and shoot growth in macadamia. Sci Hortic. 2013;164: 172–177. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.006
74. Erner Y. Effects of girdling on the differentiation of inflorescence types and fruit set in ‘Shamouti’orange trees. Israel journal of botany. 1988;37: 173–180.
75. Cifuentes JI. Effect of the application of gibberellic acid on the fructification of mandarin clementine (Citrus clementina), cv. Clemenules and evaluation of two methods of measurement in the area of San Isidro, Quillota. Thesis. 1997;
76. Ramos-Hurtado AM, Koller OC, Mariath J de A, Sartori IA, Theisen S, Reis B. Flower bud differentiation, alternate bearing and application of gibberellic acid on’Montenegrina’tangerine trees (Citrus deliciosa Tenore). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 2006;28: 355–359.
77. Bornscheuer CI. Effect of gibberellic acid applications on fruit set and productivity of Clementine mandarines (Citrus clementina) cv. Clemenules in the zone San Isidro, Quillota province, Fifth Region. Thesis. 1997;
78. Krajewski A, Rabe E. Citrus Flowering—a Critical-Evaluation. Journal of Horticultural Science. 1995;70: 357–374. doi: 10.1080/14620316.1995.11515306
79. Sachs RM, Bretz CF, Lang A. Shoot histogenesis: the early effects of gibberellin upon stem elongation in two rosette plants. American Journal of Botany. 1959;46: 376–384.
80. Zacarias L, Talon M, BenCheikh W, Lafuente MT, PrimoMillo E. Abscisic acid increases in non-growing and paclobutrazol-treated fruits of seedless mandarins. Physiologia Plantarum. 1995;95: 613–619.
81. Talon M, Zacarias L, Primomillo E. Gibberellins and Parthenocarpic Ability in Developing Ovaries of Seedless Mandarins. Plant Physiology. 1992;99: 1575–1581. doi: 10.1104/pp.99.4.1575 16669076
82. Otero A, Rivas F. Field spatial pattern of seedy fruit and techniques to improve yield on ‘Afourer’ mandarin. Scientia Horticulturae. 2017;225: 264–270. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.067
83. Powell A, Krezdorn A. Influence of Fruit-Setting Treatment on Translocation of Metabolites-C-14 in Citrus During Flowering and Fruiting. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1977;102: 709–714.
84. Mauk CS, Bausher MG, Yelenosky G. Influence of growth regulator treatments on dry matter production, fruit abscission, and14C-assimilate partitioning in citrus. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 1986;5: 111–120. doi: 10.1007/BF02025962
85. Duarte AMM, García-Luis A, Molina RV, Monerri C, Navarro V, Nebauer SG, et al. Long-term effect of winter gibberellic acid sprays and auxin applications on crop value of “Clausellina” satsuma. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2006;131: 586–592.
86. Guardiola JL, Monerri C, Agusti M. The inhibitory effect of gibberellic acid on flowering in Citrus. Physiologia Plantarum. 1982;55: 136–142. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb02276.x
87. Garcia-Luis A, Almela V, Monerri C, Agustí M, Guardiola JL. Inhibition of flowering in vivo by existing fruits and applied growth regulators in Citrus unshiu. Physiologia Plantarum. 1986;66: 515–520. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05960.x
88. Iglesias DJ, Cercos M, Colmenero-Flores JM, Naranjo MA, Rios G, Carrera E, et al. Citrus: an overview of fruiting physiology. DeMatta F, editor. 2010.
89. Mudzunga MJ, Theron KI, Rabe E. Effects of early winter gibberellic acid and mineral oil applications on flowering of young non-bearing clementine (Citrus reticulata blanco.) and satsuma (Citrus unshiu marc.) trees. South African Journal of Plant and Soil. 2001;18: 176–178. doi: 10.1080/02571862.2001.10634427
90. Muñoz-Fambuena N, Mesejo C, González-Mas MC, Iglesias DJ, Primo-Millo E, Agustí M. Gibberellic Acid Reduces Flowering Intensity in Sweet Orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] by Repressing CiFT Gene Expression. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2012;31: 529–536. doi: 10.1007/s00344-012-9263-y
91. Moss GI. Influence of temperature and photoperiod on flower induction and inflorescence development in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Journal of Horticultural Science. 1969;44: 311–320.
92. Moss GI. Temperature effects on flower initiation in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1976;27: 399–407.
93. Garmendia A, Beltran R, Zornoza C, Garcia-Breijo FJ, Reig J, Raigon MD, et al. Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE. 2019; doi: 10.3791/59258 30907871
94. Koller OC, Sobrinho FF, Schwarz SF. Effect of ringing and spraying with gibberellic acid and mineral oil on the fruiting of young “Monte Parnaso” navel orange trees. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira. 1999;34: 63–68. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X1999000100009
95. Chao CT, Lovatt CJ. Effects of concentration and application time of GA(3) and urea on yield, fruit size distribution and crop value of Clementine mandarin in California. In: Webster AD, Ramirez H, editors. Proceedings of the Xth International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production. 2006. p. 227.
96. Randhawa GS, Singh JP, Dhuria HS. Effect of Gibberellic Acid, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Fruit set, Drop, Size and Total Yield in Sweet Lime (Citrus Limettioides Tanaka). Indian Journal of Horticulture. 1959;16: 206–209.
97. Sanches F, Leite I, Castro P. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on blooming and production of the “Tahiti” acid lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 2001;23: 504–509.
98. Pereira CS, de Siqueira DL, Valiati S, Ferrari E. Application of GA3 and girdling of branches on the production of extemporaneous fruits of “Tahiti” acid lime. Revista Ceres. 2014;61: 970–974. doi: 10.1590/0034-737X201461060012
99. Esterhuizen HJ. The influence of pollination, gibberellic acid and irradiation on Minneola tangelo fruit (Citrus reticulata (Blanco.) x Citrus paradisi (Macf.));.(Afrikaans text);. Thesis. 1989;
100. Brosh P, Monselise S. Increasing Yields of Topaz Mandarin by Gibberellin and Girdling in Presence of Minneola Pollinizers. Scientia Horticulturae. 1977;7: 369–372. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(77)90009-7
101. Koshita Y, Takahara T. Effect of water stress on flower-bud formation and plant hormone content of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Scientia Horticulturae. 2004;99: 301–307. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00113-4
102. Khunthong T. Effect of gibberellic acid and monopotassiumphosphate on flowering of lime (Citrus aurantifolia single) cv. Kai. 1993;
103. Monselise SP, Goldschmidt EE. Alternate bearing in fruit trees. Horticultural reviews. 1982;4.
104. Guardiola JL, García-Marí F, Agustí M. Competition and fruit set in the Washington navel orange. Physiologia Plantarum. 1984;62: 297–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04576.x
105. González-Ferrer J, Agusti M, Guardiola JL. Fruiting pattern and retranslocation of reserves in Navelate and Washington navel oranges. International Citrus Congress. 1984. pp. 194–200.
106. Maia E, de Siqueira DL, Cecon PR. Production, florescence and fruitfication of Pokan mandarin tree submitted to gibberellic acid application. Ciencia Rural. 2010;40: 507–512.
107. Moss GI. Chemical control of flower development in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1970;21: 233–242. doi: 10.1071/AR9700233
108. Ogata T, Ueda Y, Shiozaki S, Horiuchi S, Kawase K. Effects of Gibberellin Synthesis Inhibitors on Flower Setting of Satsuma Mandarine. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. 1995;64: 251–259.
109. Lord E, Eckard K. Shoot Development in Citrus-Sinensis L (washington Navel Orange). 2. Alteration of Developmental Fate of Flowering Shoots After Ga3 Treatment. Botanical Gazette. 1987;148: 17–22. doi: 10.1086/337623
110. Guardiola JL, Agusti M, Barbera J, Garcia M. Influence of the applications of gibberellic acid during bud break on the development of citrus trees. Revista de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos. 1980;20: 139–143.
111. Davenport T. Daminozide and Gibberellin Effects on Floral Induction of Citrus-Latifolia. Hortscience. 1983;18: 947–949.
112. Khurshid T. Ralex (R) use for flower manipulation in “navel” oranges. In: Drew R, editor. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Harnessing the Potential of Horticulture in the Asian-Pacific Region. 2005. pp. 329–333.
113. Guardiola JL, Barrés MT, Albert C, Garcia-Luis A. Effects of exogenous growth regulators on fruit development in citrus unshiu. Annals of Botany. 1993;71: 169–176. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1993.1021
114. Alfredo G, Guiliana G, Florencia R, Natalia G. Improvement of “Afourer” Mandarin Productivity in Isolation of Cross-Pollination. Agrociencia-Uruguay. 2016;20: 22–28.
115. Guardiola J, Agusti M, Barbera J, Sanz A. Gibberellic-Acid, Fruit Ripening and Senescence in the Clementina-Mandarine (citrus-Reticulata, Blanco). Revista De Agroquimica Y Tecnologia De Alimentos. 1981;21: 225–240.
116. Pereira CS, de Siqueira DL, Chamum Salomao LC, Cecon PR. Floral Structures and Fruit Setting of Acid Lime Trees “Tahiti” Girdled and Treated with Gibberellic Acid. Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura. 2010;32: 1238–1243. doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452011005000002
117. Pereira CS, de Siqueira DL, Chamum Salomao LC, Cecon PR, dos Santos D. Fruit Production and Carbohydrate Contents in the Leaves of Acid Lime Tree “Tahiti” Girdled and Treated with Gibberellic Acid. Revista Brasileira De Fruticultura. 2011;33: 706–712. doi: 10.1590/S0100-29452011005000089
118. Moss G. Fruit-set in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)—influence of inflorescence-leaves. Phyton. 1970;27: 141–147.
119. Rabe E, Van Rensburg PJJ. Gibberellic acid sprays, girdling, flower thinning and potassium applications affect fruit splitting and yield in the “Ellendale” tangor. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 1996;71: 195–203.
120. Southwick S, Davies F. Growth-Regulator Effects on Ethylene Production from Calamondin Flowers. Hortscience. 1982;17: 387–388.
121. Rivas F, Erner Y, Alós E, Juan M, Almela V, Agustí M. Girdling increases carbohydrate availability and fruit-set in citrus cultivars irrespective of parthenocarpic ability. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 2006;81: 289–295.
122. Yeşiloǧlu T, Açikalin EC. Effects of girdling, GA3 applications and additional nutrient applications on fruit yield, fruit set and fruit size in the Clementine mandarin. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2002;26: 71–78.
123. Hofman P. Abscisic-Acid and Gibberellins in the Fruitlets and Leaves of Valencia Orange in Relation to Fruit-Growth and Retention. Scientia Horticulturae. 1990;42: 257–267. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(90)90088-V
124. Mehouachi J, Iglesias DJ, Tadeo FR, Agustí M, Primo-Millo E, Talon M. The role of leaves in citrus fruitlet abscission: Effects on endogenous gibberellin levels and carbohydrate content. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 2000;75: 79–85. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2000.11511204
125. Sagee O, Erner Y. Gibberellins and abscisic acid contents during flowering and fruit set of “Shamouti” orange. Scientia Horticulturae. 1991;48: 29–39. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(91)90150-W
126. Iglesias DJ, Tadeo FR, Primo-Millo E, Talon M. Fruit set dependence on carbohydrate availability in citrus trees. Tree Physiol. 2003;23: 199–204. doi: 10.1093/treephys/23.3.199 12566270
127. Gomez-Cadenas A, Mehouachi J, Tadeo FR, Primo-Millo E, Talon M. Hormonal regulation of fruitlet abscission induced by carbohydrate shortage in citrus. Planta. 2000;210: 636–643. doi: 10.1007/s004250050054 10787058
128. García-martínez JL, García-papí MA. Influence of gibberellic acid on early fruit development, diffusible growth substances and content of macronutrients in seedless Clementine mandarin. Scientia Horticulturae. 1979;11: 337–347.
129. Saleem BA, Malik AU, Pervez MA, Khan AS. Growth Regulators Application Affects Vegetative and Reproductive Behaviour of “Blood Red” Sweet Orange. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2008;40: 2115–2125.
130. Nath JC, Baruah K. Regulation of flowering time, plant growth and yield in Assam lemon (Citrus limon) with the help of pruning and growth regulators. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1999;69: 292–294.
131. Babu GHVR, Lavania ML. Vegetative growth and nutritional status as influenced by auxins and gibberellic acid, and their effect on fruit yield in lemon. Scientia Horticulturae. 1985;26: 25–33.
132. Casagrande JG Jr., Fachinello JC, Faria JLC. The solution pH on gibberellic acid uptake by cv. “Valencia” orange fruits. Scientia Agricola. 1999;56: 933–938.
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 9
- S diagnostikou Parkinsonovy nemoci může nově pomoci AI nástroj pro hodnocení mrkacího reflexu
- Je libo čepici místo mozkového implantátu?
- Pomůže v budoucnu s triáží na pohotovostech umělá inteligence?
- AI může chirurgům poskytnout cenná data i zpětnou vazbu v reálném čase
- Nová metoda odlišení nádorové tkáně může zpřesnit resekci glioblastomů
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats
- CH(II), a cerebroprotein hydrolysate, exhibits potential neuro-protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease
- Comparison between Aptima Assays (Hologic) and the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of Sexually transmitted infections
- Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania