Marine seafood production via intense exploitation and cultivation in China: Costs, benefits, and risks

English version

Autoři: Cody Szuwalski ^aff001; Xianshi Jin ^aff002; Xiujuan Shan ^aff002; Tyler Clavelle ^aff004
Působiště autorů: Alaska Fishery Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America ^aff001; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, China ^aff002; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China ^aff003; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America ^aff004
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227106

Souhrn

Identifying strategies to maintain seafood supply is central to global food supply. China is the world’s largest producer of seafood and has used a variety of production methods in the ocean including domestic capture fisheries, aquaculture (both freshwater and marine), stock enhancement, artificial reef building, and distant water fisheries. Here we survey the outcomes of China’s marine seafood production strategies, with particular attention paid to the associated costs, benefits, and risks. Benefits identified include high production, low management costs, and high employment, but significant costs and risks were also identified. For example, a majority of fish in China’s catches are one year-old, ecosystem and catch composition has changed relative to the past, wild and farmed stocks can interact both negatively and positively, distant water fisheries are a potential source of conflict, and disease has caused crashes in mariculture farms. Reforming China’s wild capture fisheries management toward strategies used by developed nations would continue to shift the burden of production to aquaculture and could have negative social impacts due to differences in fishing fleet size and behavior, ecosystem structure, and markets. Consequently, China may need to develop novel management methods in reform efforts, rather than rely on examples from other large seafood producing countries. Improved accounting of production from fisheries and aquaculture, harmonization and centralization of historical data sets and systematic scientific surveys would improve the knowledge base for planning and evaluating future reform.

Klíčová slova:

Algae – Aquaculture – Crustaceans – Fisheries – China – Marine ecosystems – Marine fish – Mariculture

Zdroje

1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2018). www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en. Accessed 10/21/2018.

2. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Fisheries of the United States, 2017. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Current Fishery Statistics No. 2017 Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/fisheries-united-states-2017.

3. Bostock J., McAndrew B., Richards R. et al. Aquaculture: global stauts and trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royals Society B. 2010; 365, 2897–2912.

4. Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). Notification of strengthening the control of domestic fishing vessels and implementing marine fisheries resource total amount management. 2017. http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/YYJ/201701/t20170120_5460583.htm (last accessed 11/1/2018)

5. China Agriculture Press. (1986–2016). China Fishery Statistical Yearbook (China Agriculture Press, Beijing).

6. Guo Z., Xie Y., Zhang X., Wang Y., Zhang D., Sugiyama S. Review of fishery information and data collection systems in China. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 1029. 2008.

7. Pauly D and Zeller D (Editors) (2015) Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (www.seaaroundus.org)

8. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org. 2017.

9. Venables W.N. and Ripley B.D. Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth Edition. Springer, New York. ISBN 0-387-95457-0. 2002.

10. Hastie T. and Tibshirani R. Generalized additive models. Chapman and Hall. 1990.

11. Pauly D. et al. China’s distant-water fisheries in the 21st century. Fish and Fisheries. 2014;15, 474–488.

12. Zou L., Huang S. Chinese aquaculture in light of green growth. Aquaculture Reports 2015;2, 46–49.

13. Tang Q. The development strategy of environment-friendly aquaculture: new thinking, new mission and new way. (Science Press, Beijing, China). 2017.

14. Feigon L. A harbinger of the problems confronting China’s Economy and Environment: the great Chinese shrimp disaster of 1993. Journal of Contemporary China. 2000;9(24), 323–332.

15. Wang Q., Li Z., Gui J. liu J., Ye S., Yuan J., De Silva S. Paradigm changes in freshwater aquaculture practices in China: Moving towards achieving environmental integrity and sustainability. Ambio, 2018;47: 410–426. doi: 10.1007/s13280-017-0985-8 29168121

16. Fang J., Zhang J., Xiao T., Huang D., Liu S. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in Sanggou Bay, China. Aquaculture environtment interactions, 2016;8: 201–205.

17. Troell M., Joyce A., Chopin T., Neori A., Buschmann A.H., Fang. Ecological engineering in aquaculture—potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems. Aquaculture. 2009;297(1), 1–9.

18. Clavelle T., Lester S.E., Gentry R., Froehlich H.E. Interactions and management for the future of marine aquaculture and capture fisheries. Fish and Fisheries. 2019. doi: 10.1111/faf.12368

19. Callier M.D., et al. Attraction and repulsion of mobile wild organisms to finfish and shellfish aquaculture: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2017. doi: 10.1111/raq.12193

20. McKindsey C.W., Archambault P., Callier M.D., Olivier F. Influence of suspended and off-bottom mussel culture on the sea bottom and benthic habitats: a review. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2011;89(7), 622–646.

21. Gibbs M.T. Interactions between bivalve shellfish farms and fishery resources. Aquaculture. 2004;240(1), 267–296.

22. Johansen L.H., Jensen I., Mikkelsen H., Bjørn P.A., Jansen P.A., Bergh O. Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway. Aquaculture. 2011;315(3), 167–186.

23. Biao X., Kaijin Y. Shrimp farming in China: operating characteristics, environmental impact and perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2007;50(7), 538–550.

24. Breitburg D., Craig J.K., Fulford R.S., Rose K.A., Boynton W.R., Brady D.C., et al. Nutrient enrichment and fisheries exploitation: interactive effects on estuarine living resources and their management. Hydrobiologia. 2009;629(1), 31–47.

25. Sun R., Liu X., Tang Y., Cheng W., Sun R., Wang W., et al. The bio-economic effects of artificial reefs: mixed evidence from Shandong, China. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2017;74(8), 2239–2248.

26. Liu M., De Mitcheson Y.S. Profile of a fishery collapse: why mariculture failed to save the large yellow croaker. Fish and Fisheries. 2014;9(3), 219–242.

27. Bell J.D., Leber K.M., Blankenship H.L., Longeragan N.R., Masuda R. A new era for restocking, stock enhancement and sea ranching of coastal fisheries resources. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 2008;16(1–3), 1–9.

28. Watson R., Pauly P. Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends. Nature. 2001;414(6863), 534–536. doi: 10.1038/35107050 11734851

29. Watson R., Zeller D., Pauly D. Primary productivity demands of global fishing fleets. Fish and Fisheries. 2014;15, 231–241.

30. Costelo C. et al. Global fishery prospects under contrasting management regimes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016;113(18), 5125–5129.

31. Christensen V., Coll M., Piroddi C., Steenbeek J., Buszowski J., Pauly D. A century of fish biomass decline in the ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2014;512, 155–166.

32. Jennings S. and Collingridge K. Predicting consumer biomass, size-structure, production, catch potential, response to fishing and associated uncertainties in the world’s marine ecosystems. PloS one, 2015;10(7), e0133794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133794 26226590

33. Szuwalski C.S., Burgess M.G., Costello C., Gaines S.D. High fishery catches through trophic cascades in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017;114(4), 717–721.

34. Matsuda H. and Abrams P.A. Maximal yields from multispecies fisheris systesm: Rules for system with multiple trophic levels. Ecological Applications. 2006;16(1), 225–237. doi: 10.1890/05-0346 16705975

35. Andersen K.H., Brander K., Ravn-Jonsen L. Trade-offs between objectives for ecosystem management of fisheries. Ecological Applications. 2015;25(5): 1390–1396. doi: 10.1890/14-1209.1 26485963

36. Brown C.J., Trebilico R. Unintended cultivation, shifting baselines, and conflict between objectives for fisheries and conservation. Conservation biology. 2014;28(3), 677–688. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12267 24665891

37. Zhang B., Tang Q., Jin X. Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems. 2007;67(3–4), 304–311.

38. Pauly, D. and Le Manach, F. Tentative adjustments of China’s marine fisheries catches (1950–2010). 2015. Working Paper Series, Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia.

39. Rudd M.B., Branch T.A. Does unreported catch lead to overfishing? Fish and Fisheries 2017;18(2), 313.

40. Cao L., Chen Y., Dong S., Hanson A., et al. Opportunities for marine fisheries reform in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 2017;114(3), 435–442.

41. Mangin T., et al. Are fishery management upgrades worth the cost? PLoS ONE, 2018;13(9): e0204258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204258 30235291

42. Tang Q., Ying Y., Wu Q. The biomass yields and management challenges for the Yellow Sea large marine ecosystem. Environmental Development. 2016;1, 175–181.

43. Lin L., Zheng Y., Cheng J., Liu Y., Ling J. A preliminary study on fishery biology of main commercial fishes surveyed from the bottom trawl fisheries in the East China Sea. Mar. Sci. 2006;30(2), 21–25.

44. Wang S., Xie Y. Eds. China Species Red List. Vol. 2A, 2B. (Beijing: Higher Education Press) 2009.

45. Mallory T.G. Fisheries subsidies in China: Quantitative and qualitative assessment of policy coherence and effectiveness. Marine Policy. 2016;68, 74–82.

46. Mallory T.G. China’s distant water fishing industry: Evolving policies and implications. Marine Policy. 2013;38, 99–108.

47. Naylor R.L., et al. Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009;106(36), 15103–15110.

48. Cao L., et al. Global food supply. China’s aquaculture and the world’s wild fisheries. Science 2015;47(6218), 133–135.

49. Klinger D., Naylor R. Searching for solutions in aquaculture: charting a sustainable course. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2012;37, 247–276.

50. Zou S., Xu W., Zhang R., Tang J., Chen Y., Zhang G. Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in coastal water of the Bohai Bay, China: impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities. Environmental Pollution. 2011;159(10), 2913–2920. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.037 21576000

51. Cabello F.C. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental microbiology 2006;8(7): 1137–1144. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x 16817922

52. Shen Y. et al. Anthropogenic and environmental factors associated with high incidence of mcr-1 carriage in humans across China. Nature Microbiology, 2018;3: 1054–1062. doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0205-8 30038311

53. Wu R.S.S. The environmental impact of marine fish culture: towards a sustainable future. Marine pollution bulletin. 1995;31(4), 159–166.

54. Broughton E.I., Walker D.G. Policies and practices for aquaculture food safety in China. Food Policy. 2010;35(5), 471–478.

55. Liu H. Su, J. Vulnerability of China’s nearhsore ecosystem under intensive mariculture development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017;24: 8957–8966. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5239-3 26330311

56. Wing Y., Chen Z., Leung H., Leung A. Application of veterinary antibiotics in China’s aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017;24: 8978–8989. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-5607-z 26498964

57. Tilman D. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology, 1996;77, 350–363.

58. Naylor R.L., Williams S.L., Strong D.R. Aquaculture—A gateway for exotic species. Science, 2001;294(5547): 1655–1656. doi: 10.1126/science.1064875 11721035

59. Lin Y., Gao Z., Zhan A. Introduction and use of non-native species for aquaculture in China: status, risks, and management solutions. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2015;7: 28–58.

60. Schindler D.E., Hilborn R., Chasco B., Boatright C.P., Quinn T.P., Rogers L.A., et al. Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species. Nature. 2010;465, 609–612. doi: 10.1038/nature09060 20520713

61. Barnett L.A.K., Branch T.A., Ranasinghe R.A., Essington T.E. Old-growth fishes become scarce under fishing. Current biology. 2017;27(18), 2843–2848. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.069 28918949

62. Gaichas S., Skaret G., Falk-Petersen J., Link J.S., Overholtz W., Megrey B.A., et al. A comparison of community and trophic structure in five marine ecosystems based on energy budgets and system metrics. Progress in Oceanography. 2009;81, 47–62.

63. Link J.S. Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems? Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2002;230, 1–9.

64. Klinger D.H., Levin S.A., Watson J.R. The growth of finfish in global open-ocean aquaculture under climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2017;284(1864), 834.

65. Parker L.M., et al. Predicting the response of molluscs to the impact of ocean acidification. Biology. 2013;2(2), 651–692. doi: 10.3390/biology2020651 24832802

66. Cheung W.W.L., Lam V.W.Y., Sarmiento J.L., Kearney K., Watson R., Zeller D., et al. Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global oceanunder climate change. Global Change Biology, 2010;16: 24–35.

67. Allison E.H., Perry A.L., Badjeck M., Adger W. Brown K., Conway D., Halls A.S., et al. Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 2009;10: 173–196.

68. Stern D., Common M., Barbier E. Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development. 1996;24(7), 1151–1160.

69. Zhang J., Mauzerall D.L., Zhu T., Liang S., Ezzati M., Remais J. Environmental health in China: challenges to achieving clean air and safe water. Lancet. 375(9720), 2010;1110–1119. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60062-1 20346817

70. Sala E., Mayorga J., Costello C., Kroodsma D., Palomares M.L.D., Pauly D., et al. The economics of fishing the high seas. Science Advances. 2018;4(6).

71. Yang H., Ma M., Thompson J.R., Flower R.J. Reform China’s fisheries subsidies. Science. 2017;356(6345): 1343. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8389 28663466

72. Christensen V., Walters C.J. Tradeoffs in ecosystem scale optimization of fisheries management policies. Bulletin of Marine Science, 2004;74(3): 549–562.

73. Costello C. Fish harder; catch more? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2017;114(7): 1442–1444.

74. Ye Y., Gutierrez N.L. Ending fishery overexploitation by expanding from local successes to globalized solutions. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2017. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0179

75. Bondad-Reantaso M., Subasinghe R. Arther J., Ogawa K., Chinabu S., Adlard R., Tan Z., et al. Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture. Veterinary parasitology, 2005;132: 249–272. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.005 16099592

76. Hilborn R. et al. Effective fisheries management instrumental in improving fish stock status. (in press) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Marine seafood production via intense exploitation and cultivation in China: Costs, benefits, and risks

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

INSIGHTS from European Respiratory Congress

Současné pohledy na riziko v parodontologii

Svět praktické medicíny 3/2024 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Kardiologické projevy hypereozinofilií

Střevní příprava před kolonoskopií