Disease-specific out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in urban Bangladesh: A Bayesian analysis
Autoři:
Md. Mahfuzur Rahman aff001; Cherri Zhang aff001; Khin Thet Swe aff002; Md. Shafiur Rahman aff001; Md. Rashedul Islam aff001; Md. Kamrujjaman aff003; Papia Sultana aff004; Md. Zakiul Hassan aff005; Md. Shahinul Alam aff006; Md. Mizanur Rahman aff001
Působiště autorů:
Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
aff001; Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
aff002; Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
aff003; Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
aff004; icddr,b, (Formerly, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh) Dhaka, Bangladesh
aff005; Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
aff006
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227565
Souhrn
Background
Because of the rapid increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and high burden of healthcare-related financial issues in Bangladesh, there is a concern that out-of-pocket (OOP) payments related to illnesses may become a major burden on household. It is crucial to understand what are the major illnesses responsible for high OPP at the household level to help policymakers prioritize key areas of actions to protect the household from 100% financial hardship for seeking health care as part of universal health coverage.
Objectives
We first estimated the costs of illnesses among a population in urban Bangladesh, and then assessed the household financial burden associated with these illnesses.
Method
A cross-sectional survey of 1593 randomly selected households was carried out in Bangladesh (urban area of Rajshahi city), in 2011. Catastrophic expenditure was estimated at 40% threshold of household capacity to pay. We employed the Bayesian two-stage hurdle model and Bayesian logistic regression model to estimate age-adjusted average cost and the incidence of household financial catastrophe for each illness, respectively.
Results
Overall, approximately 45% of the population of Bangladesh had at least one episode of illness. The age-sex-adjusted average medical expenses and catastrophic health care expenditure among the households were TK 621 and 8%, respectively. Households spent the highest amount of money 7676.9 on paralysis followed by liver disease (TK 2695.4), injury (TK 2440.0), mental disease (TK 2258.0), and tumor (TK 2231.2). These diseases were also responsible for higher incidence of financial catastrophe. Our study showed that 24% of individuals who suffered typhoid incurred catastrophic expenditure followed by liver disease (12.3%), tumor (12.1%), heart disease (8.4%), injury (7.9%), mental disease (7.9%), cataract (7.1%), and paralysis (6.5%).
Conclusion
The study findings suggest that chronic illnesses were responsible for high costs and high catastrophic expenditures in Bangladesh. Effective risk pooling mechanism might reduce household financial burden related to illnesses. Chronic illness related to NCDs is the major cause of OOP. It is also important to consider prioritizing vulnerable population by subsidizing the high health care cost for some of the chronic illnesses.
Klíčová slova:
Bangladesh – Cardiovascular diseases – Cataracts – Economics – Finance – Health economics – Liver diseases – Typhoid
Zdroje
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