The effect of spatial position and age within an egg-clutch on embryonic development and key metabolic enzymes in two clownfish species, Amphiprion ocellaris and Amphiprion frenatus
Autoři:
Andreas Kunzmann aff001; Valeska C. Diemel aff001
Působiště autorů:
Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitsstraße, Bremen, Germany
aff001; University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße, Bremen, Germany
aff002
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226600
Souhrn
Since the size of newly hatched larval fish is directly related to egg size, small differences in initial egg size can be critical to survival and further development of offspring. Underlying processes causing size variation in fish offspring are still not entirely understood. In this study we investigated whether the spatial position of an individual egg within a clutch affects size variation in two benthic spawning coral reef fishes, the clownfishes Amphiprion ocellaris and A. frenatus. To evaluate the effects of within-clutch position on embryonic development, egg growth metrics and protein content were analysed on day 2, 5 and 8 after deposition (adp). Additionally the activities of the key metabolic enzymes citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated to evaluate the physiological status of the embryos. Central eggs of A. frenatus were significantly longer and heavier than peripheral eggs only on day 2 and 5 adp (2.07 mg, 2.59 mm vs. 1.84 mg, 2.49 mm). No significant differences were observed in A. ocellaris between eggs originating from a central or peripheral (5 mm from edge) position (1.33 mg, 2.26 mm vs. 1.15 mg, 2,18 mm). Diameter of the eyes did not differ between the two fish species nor between different positions, for any age group. The protein content of eggs (7.5% of wet weight) was independent of age, position and species. Enzymatic activity increased from 2 adp until peak activity was observed for both enzymes on day 8 adp, independent from position. The range of CS- and LDH-activity was 0.3–13.0 and 0.2–71.7 U g-1 wet weight, respectively. Significant differences in enzymatic activity were observed between age groups in both species, which in connection with significantly larger eggs of A. frenatus at day 2 and 5 adp could hint at a better O2 supply of central eggs. Potential implications for captive breeding are given.
Klíčová slova:
Clutches – Embryos – Enzyme metabolism – Enzymes – Eyes – Fish physiology – Larvae – Marine fish
Zdroje
1. Wabnitz C, Taylor M, Green E, Razak T. From Ocean to Aquarium. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2003; 64 pages.
2. Rhyne AL, Tlusty MF, Szczebak JT, Holmberg RJ. Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals. Peer J 2018; 5:e2949; doi: 10.7717/peerj.2949 28149703
3. Dhaneesh KV, Ajith Kumar TT, Divya SP, Kumaresan S, Balasubramanian T. Influence of prompt first feeding on growth and survival of Clownfish Amphiprion percula larvae. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2012; 24 (1): 92–97.
4. Vigliola L, Meekan MG Size at hatching and planctonic growth determine post-settlement survivorship of a coral reef fish. Oecologia 2002; 131: 89–93. doi: 10.1007/s00442-001-0866-4 28547516
5. Green BS, Anthony KRN, McCormick MI. Position of egg within a clutch is linked to size and hatching in a demersal tropical fish. J exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2006; 329: 144–152.
6. Swagat Gosh TT, Kumar A, Balasubramanian T. Determining the level of parental care relating fanning behaviour of five species of clownfish in captivity. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 2012; 41(5): 430–441.
7. Almeida-Val VMF, Gomes ARC Lopes NP. Metabolic and physiological adjustments to low oxygen and high temperature in fishes of the Amazon. The Physiology of Tropical Fishes. 2006; 21(10): 443–500.
8. Cooper RU, Clough LM, Farwell MA, West TL. Hypoxia-induced metabolic and antioxidant enzymatic activities in the estuarine fish Leiostomus xanthurus. J exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2002; 279: 1–20.
9. Hochachka PW, Somero GN, Schneider DE, Freed JM. The organization and control of metabolism in the crustacean gill. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1970; 33: 529–548.
10. Lannig G, Eckerle LG, Serendero I, Sartoris F-J, Fischer T, Knust R, et al. Temperature adaptation in eurythermal cod (Gadus morhua): a comparison of mitochondrial enzyme capacities in boreal and arctic populations. Mar. Biol. 2003; 142: 589–599.
11. Kamyab E, Kühnhold H, Novais SC, Alves LMF, Indriana L, Kunzmann A, et al. Effects of thermal stress on the immune and oxidative stress responses of juvenile sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2016; doi: 10.1007/s00360-016-1015-z 27439718
12. Kühnhold H, Kamyab E, Novais S, Indriana L, Kunzmann A, Slater M, et al. Thermal stress effects on energy resource allocation and oxygen consumption rate in the juvenile sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833). Aquaculture 2016; 467:109–117. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.018
13. Green BS, Fisher R. Temperature influences swimming speed, growth and larval duration in coral reef fish larvae. J exp Mar Biol Ecol 2004; 299:115–132.
14. Fuiman L, Poling L, Higgs D. Quantifying Developmental Progress for Comparative Studies of Larval Fishes. Copeia. 1998; 602–611.
15. Sidell BD, Driedzic WR, Stowe DB, Johnston IA. Biochemical correlations of power development and metabolic fuel preferenda in fish hearts. Physiological Zoology 1987; 60(2): 221–232
16. Hickey AJR, Clements KD. Key metabolic enzymes and muscle structure in triplefin fishes (Tripterygiidae): a phylogenetic comparison. Journal of comparative physiology 2003; 173(2): 113–23. doi: 10.1007/s00360-002-0313-9 12624649
17. Lushchak VI, Bagnyukova TV, Storey JM, Storey KB. Influence of exercise on the activity and the distribution between free and bound forms of glycolytic and associated enzymes in tissues of horse mackerel. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2001; 34(8): 1055–64. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000800013 11471046
18. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976; 72: 248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999 942051
19. Yasir I, Qin JG. Embryology and early ontogeny of an anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K. 2007; 87: 1025–1033.
20. Madhu R, Madhu K. Successful captive breeding and juvenile production of the tomato anemonefish, Amphiprion frenatus. Marine Fisheries Information Service, 2010; No. 205.
21. Madhu R, Madhu K, Retheesh T. Life history pathways in false clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830: A journey from egg to adult under captive condition. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 2012; 54(1): 77–90.
22. Collins LA, Nelson SG. Effects of temperature on oxygen-consumption, growth and development of embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Siganus randalli (Pisces, Siganidae). Marine Biology. 1993; 117: 195–204.
23. Jebsen JW. Proteins in fish muscle. Fiskeridirektoratets kjemis tenise Forskningsinstitutt, Bergen.1962; 16 pages
24. Smith RW, Ottema C. Growth, oxygen consumption, and protein and RNA synthesis rates in the yolk sac larvae of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 2006; 143: 315–325.
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2020 Číslo 1
- S diagnostikou Parkinsonovy nemoci může nově pomoci AI nástroj pro hodnocení mrkacího reflexu
- Proč při poslechu některé muziky prostě musíme tančit?
- Je libo čepici místo mozkového implantátu?
- Chůze do schodů pomáhá prodloužit život a vyhnout se srdečním chorobám
- Pomůže v budoucnu s triáží na pohotovostech umělá inteligence?
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds
- Chemical analysis of snus products from the United States and northern Europe
- Calcium dobesilate reduces VEGF signaling by interfering with heparan sulfate binding site and protects from vascular complications in diabetic mice
- Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation in drinking water on chicken crop and caeca microbiome
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy