First adaptation of quinoa in the Bhutanese mountain agriculture systems

English version

Autoři: Tirtha Bdr Katwal ^aff001; Didier Bazile ^aff002
Působiště autorů: Agriculture Research and Development Center of Yusipang, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan ^aff001; CIRAD, UPR GREEN, Montpellier, France ^aff002; GREEN, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France ^aff003; CIRAD, DGDRS, Montpellier, France ^aff004
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219804

Souhrn

Bhutan represents typical mountain agriculture farming systems with unique challenges. The agriculture production systems under environmental constraints are typical of small-scale agricultural subsistence systems related to family farming in the Himalayan Mountains with very low level of mechanization, numerous abiotic stresses influenced by climate and other socio-economic constraints. Quinoa was first introduced in 2015 through FAO’s support to Bhutan as a new crop to enhance the food and nutritional security of the Bhutanese people. The main objective was to adapt this versatile crop to the local mountain agriculture conditions as a climate resilient crop for diversifying the farmer’s traditional potato and maize based cropping systems. Ten quinoa varieties were evaluated at two different sites representing contrasted mountain agroecologies in Bhutan and were tested during the two agricultural campaigns 2016 and 2017. Yusipang (2600 masl) represents the cool temperate agroecological zone, and Lingmethang (640 masl) the dry subtropical agroecological zone. The sowing time differed depending on the growing season and elevation of the sites. Results indicate that quinoa can be successfully grown in Bhutan for the two different agroecological zones. The grain yields varied from 0.61 to 2.68 t.ha^-1 in the high altitude areas where quinoa was seeded in spring and harvested in autumn season. The grain yield in the lower elevation ranged from 1.59 to 2.98 t.ha^-1 where the crop was sown in autumn and harvested in winter season. Depending on genotypes’ characteristics and agroecological zones, crop maturity significantly varied from 92 to 197 days with all genotypes maturing much earlier in the lower elevations where mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the growing season were higher. Quinoa is rapidly promoted across different agroecological contexts in the country as a new climate resilient and nutrient dense pseudo cereal to diversify the traditional existing cropping system with some necessary adjustments in sowing time, suitable varieties and crop management practices. To fast track the rapid promotion of this new crop in Bhutan, four varieties have been released in 2018. In just over three years, the cultivation of quinoa as a new cereal has been demonstrated and partially adapted to the maize and potato based traditional cropping systems under the Himalayan mountain agriculture. Quinoa is also being adapted to the rice based cropping system and rapidly promoted as an alternative food security crop in the current 12^th Five Year national development plan of Bhutan. To rapidly promote quinoa cultivation, the Royal Government of Bhutan is supporting the supply of free quinoa seeds, cultivation technologies and milling machines to the rural communities. To promote the consumption and utilization of quinoa at national level, consumer awareness are created by preparing and serving local Bhutanese dishes from quinoa during local food fairs and farmer’s field days. In addition, the Royal Government of Bhutan has included quinoa in the school feeding programme recognizing the high nutrient value of the crop for enhancing and securing the nutritional needs of the young children.

Klíčová slova:

Agricultural workers – Agriculture – Bhutan – Cereal crops – Crops – Quinoa – Seasons – Vegetables

Zdroje

1. PHCB. Population and Housing Census of Bhutan. National Report. Thimphu (Bhutan): National Statistics Bureau, Royal Government of Bhutan, 2017. www.nsb.gov.btUS

2. NSB. National Statistical Bureau. Key Indicators. Thimphu (Bhutan): National Statistics Bureau, Royal Government of Bhutan, 2018. www.nsb.gov.bt. Accessed 23rd November, 2018

3. GNHC. Eleventh Five-Year Plan Volume I: Main Document– 2013–18. Thimphu (Bhutan): Gross National Happiness National Happiness Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan National, 2013. ISBN 978-99936-55-01-5

4. Katwal TB, Wangdi N and Giri PL. Adaptation of Quinoa in Bhutanese Cropping Systems. Bhutan Journal of Agriculture. 2018; Issue II Volume I. In Press.

5. Bazile D, Jacobsen SE, Verniau A. The global expansion of quinoa: Trends and limits. Frontiers in Plant Science 2016; 7 (622): 6 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00622

6. Bazile D (ed.), Bertero HD (ed.), Nieto C (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO, CIRAD, 603 p; 2015.

7. Jacobsen SE. The Worldwide Potential for Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Food Reviews International 2003; 19(1–2): 167–177. doi: 10.1081/FRI-120018883

8. Ruiz KB, Biondi S, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Antognoni F, Martinez-Mosqueira EA, Coulibaly A, Canahua-Murillo A, Pinto M, Zurita A, Bazile D, Jacobsen SE, Molina Montenegro M 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2014; 34 (2): 349–359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0

9. Partap T & Kapoor P. The Himalayan grain chenopods. I. Distribution and Ethnobotany. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1985; 14: 185–199.

10. Partap T & Kapoor P. The Himalayan grain chenopods. II. Comparative morphology. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1985; 14: 185–199.

11. Hooker JD. The Flora of British India. Volume V. London (UK): Reeve Kent Publisher; 1885.

12. Hooker JD. Chenopods. Himalayan Journal 1952; 1: 386.

13. Gongbu T and Wang M. The biological characteristics of Quinoa in Tibet. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1998; 37–40.

14. Gongbu T. Genetic research on Quinoa in Tibet. Northwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1997; 25–27.

15. Bhargava A, Shukla S and Ohir D. Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Field Crops Research 2007; 101: 104–116.

16. Bhargava A and Ohri D. Quinoa in the Indian subcontinent. In: Bazile Didier (ed.), Bertero Hector Daniel (ed.), Nieto Carlos (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO & CIRAD; 2015. p. 511–523.

17. PROINPA. Quinoa: An ancient crop to contribute to world food security. Santiago de Chile: FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean; 2011. 63 p.

18. Jacobsen SE, Jensen CR and Liu F. Improving crop production in the arid Mediterranean climate. Field Crops Research 2012; 128: 34–47.

19. RNR Statistics. Bhutan Renewable Natural Resources Statistics. RNR Statistical Coordination Section. Policy and Planning Division. Ministry of Agriculture and Forests; 2015.

20. LCMP. National Soil Service Center and the Policy and Planning Division. Land Cover Assessment Report; National Soil Service Center and the Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest: Thimphu, Bhutan; 2010.

21. Katwal TB. Popularizing Multiple Cropping Innovations as a Means to Raise Crop Productivity and Farm Income in Bhutan. In: Musa M, Azad AK and Gurung T, editors, Popularizing Multiple Cropping Innovations as a means to Raise Crop Productivity and Farm Income in SAARC Countries. Dhaka, Bangladesh: SAARC Agriculture Centre; 2013.

22. NEC. Bhutan State of Environment Report. Thimphu: National Environment Commission. Royal Government of Bhutan; 2016. ISBN # 978-99936-865-5-2. www.nec.gov.bt

23. Katwal TB, Dorji S, Dorji R, Tshering L, Ghimiray M, Chhetri GB, Dorji TY and Tamang AM. Community Perspectives on the On-Farm Diversity of Six Major Cereals and Climate Change in Bhutan. Agriculture 2015; 5: 2–16; www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture ISSN 2077-0472.

24. DoA. Flagship Program on Up-Scaling Organic Sector for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development. Final Draft Proposal. Thimphu, Bhutan: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests; 2018.

25. MOAF. National Food Security Paper, Bhutan Climate Summit, 2011. Thimphu, Bhutan: Ministry of Agriculture and Forests; 2011.

26. Bazile D, Salcedo S, Santivañez T. Conclusions: Challenges, opportunities and threats to quinoa in the face of global change. In: Bazile Didier (ed.), Bertero Hector Daniel (ed.), Nieto Carlos (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO & CIRAD; 2015. p. 586–589.

27. De Ron AM (ed.), Sparvoli F (ed.), Pueyo JJ (ed.), Bazile D (ed.). The challenge of protein crops as a sustainable source of food and feed for the future. Lausanne: Frontiers Media; 2017. 325 p. (Frontiers research topics). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-162-3

28. Bazile D, Fuentes F, Mujica A. Historical perspectives and domestication. In: Bhargava A & Srivastava S, editors. Quinoa: botany, production and uses. Wallingford: CABI; 2013. p. 16–35.

29. Jacobsen SE, Mujica A and Jensen CR. The Resistance of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to Adverse Abiotic Factors. Food Reviews International 2003; 19 (1–2): 99–109.

30. Martinez EA, Fuentes F, Bazile D. History of quinoa: Its origin, domestication, diversification and cultivation with particular reference to the Chilean context. In: Murphy Kevin (ed.), Matanguihan Janet (ed.). Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p. 19–24. (World Agriculture Series). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch2

31. Miranda M, Vega-Gálvez A, Quispe-Fuentes I, Rodríguez M, Maureira H and Martínez E A. Nutritional Aspects of Six Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Ecotypes from three Geographical Areas of Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 2012; 72(2) April-June 2012.

32. ARDC. 12th Five-Year Plan Strategies for Quinoa Commodity Program. Thimphu, Bhutan: Agriculture Research and Development Center, Yusipang. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest; 2018.

33. DoA. Agriculture Statistics 2016. Thimphu, Bhutan: Department of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture & Forests. Royal Government of Bhutan; 2016.

34. Apaza V, Cáceres G, Estrada R and Pinedo R. Catálogo de variedades comerciales de quinua en el Perú, Lima (Peru): FAO and INIA; 2013. 82 p.

35. Parker L, Guerten N, Thi Nguyen T, Rinzin C, Tashi D, Wangchuk D, Bajgai Y, Subedi K, Phuntsho L, Thinley N, Chhogyel N, Gyalmo T, Katwal TB, Zangpo T, Acharya S, Pradhan S and Penjor S. Climate change impacts in Bhutan: challenges and opportunities for the agricultural sector. CCAFS Working Paper no. 191. Wageningen, Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); 2017.

36. NSSC. Technical Report on the Detailed Soil survey of Yusipang RNR Research Centre. Report No. 1(a). Semtokha: Bhutan Soil Survey Project, Research, Extension, and Irrigation Division, Ministry of Agriculture; 1998.

37. NSSC. Technical Report on the Detailed Soil Survey of RNR Research Sub-Centre. Lingmethang, Mongar. Report No: 4.2.02/ SS 18. Semtokha: National Soils Service Center, Ministry of Agriculture; 2003.

38. Pulvento C, Riccardi M, Lavini A, d’Andria R, Iafelice G and Marconi E. Field Trial Evaluation of Two Chenopodium quinoa Genotypes Grown Under Rain-Fed Conditions in a Typical Mediterranean Environment in South Italy. J. Agronomy & Crop Science 2010; ISSN 0931-2250.

39. Jacobsen S E. Adaptation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to northern European agriculture: studies on developmental pattern. Euphytica 1997; 96: 41–48.

40. Jacobsen S E and Stølen O. Quinoa–morphology and phenology and prospects for its production as a new crop in Europe. Eur. J. Agron. 1993; 2: 19–29.

41. Bazile D, Pulvento C, Verniau A, Al-Nusairi M, Ba D, Breidy J, Hassan L, Maarouf IM, Mambetov O, Otambekova M, Sephavand NA, Shams A, Souici D, Miri K, Padulosi S. Worldwide evaluations of quinoa: Preliminary results from post international year of quinoa FAO projects in nine countries. Frontiers in Plant Science 2016; 7 (850): 18 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00850

42. Jankovic S, Popovic V, Ikanovic J, Rakic S, Kuzevski J and Gavrilovic M. Romanian Agricultural Research 2016; 33, www.incda-fundulea.ro; Print ISSN 1222-4227; Online ISSN 2067-5720

43. Yazar A Sezen SM, Tekin S and İncekaya Ç. Quinoa: From Experimentation to Production in Turkey. International Quinoa Conference in Dubai (UAE, 12/2016): Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments.

44. Choukr-Allah R, Rao NK, Hirich A, Shahid M, Alshankiti A, Toderich K, Gill S and Kur B. Quinoa for Marginal Environments: Toward Future Food and Nutritional Security in MENA and Central Asia Regions. Front. Plant Sci. 2016; 7:346. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00346 27066019

45. Biondi S, Ruiz KB, Martinez EA, Zurita-Silva A, Orsini F, Antognoni F, Dinelli G, Marotti I, Gianquinto G, Maldonado S, Burrieza H, Bazile D, Adolf VI, Jacobsen SE. Tolerance to saline conditions. In: Bazile Didier (ed.), Bertero Hector Daniel (ed.), Nieto Carlos (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO & CIRAD; 2015. p. 143–156.

46. Jacobsen SE, Monteros C, Christiansen JL, Bravo LA, Corcuera LJ & Mujica A. Plant responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to frost at various phenological stages. Europ. J. Agronomy 2005; 22: 131–139.

47. Troisi J, Di Fiore R, Pulvento C, D’Andria R, Vega-Galvez A, Miranda M, Martinez EA & Lanvini A. Saponins. In: Bazile Didier (ed.), Bertero Hector Daniel (ed.), Nieto Carlos (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO & CIRAD; 2015. p. 267–277.

48. Bertero HD and Ruiz RA. Determination of seed number in sea level quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars. Europ. J. Agronomy 2008; 28:186–194. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2007.07.002

49. Katwal TB. Quinoa. General Information and Package of Practices. Thimphu: Field Crops Program, Research and Development Center, Yuispang. Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests; 2018.

50. Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems.; EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet 2019; 393.10170: 447–492.

51. Shuli M, Gao W, Zhang Y Luqi H and Chang-Xiao L. Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81:703–14. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004 20550961

52. Bazile D. Fair and sustainable expansion of traditional crops—lessons from quinoa. Farming Matters 2016; 32(2): 36–39.

53. Chevarria-Lazo M, Bazile D, Dessauw D, Louafi S, Trommetter M, Hocdé H. Quinoa and the exchange of genetic resources: Improving the regulation systems. In: Bazile Didier (ed.), Bertero Hector Daniel (ed.), Nieto Carlos (ed.). State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. Rome: FAO & CIRAD; 2015. p. 83–105.

First adaptation of quinoa in the Bhutanese mountain agriculture systems

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

INSIGHTS from European Respiratory Congress

Současné pohledy na riziko v parodontologii

Svět praktické medicíny 3/2024 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Kardiologické projevy hypereozinofilií

Střevní příprava před kolonoskopií