Assessing risk factors and impact of cyberbullying victimization among university students in Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Autoři:
Aye Thazin Khine aff001; Yu Mon Saw aff002; Zaw Ye Htut aff001; Cho Thet Khaing aff004; Htin Zaw Soe aff005; Kyu Kyu Swe aff005; Thinzar Thike aff006; Hein Htet aff007; Thu Nandar Saw aff008; Su Myat Cho aff002; Tetsuyoshi Kariya aff002; Eiko Yamamoto aff002; Nobuyuki Hamajima aff002
Působiště autorů:
Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
aff001; Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
aff002; Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya, Japan
aff003; Department of Epidemiology, University of Public Health, Yangon, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
aff004; University of Community Health, Magway, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
aff005; Department of Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
aff006; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Medicine, Mandalay, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
aff007; Department of Community and Global Health, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
aff008
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227051
Souhrn
Background
Cyberbullying is a global public health concern with tremendous negative impacts, not only on the physical and mental health of students but also on their well-being and academic performance. However, there are very few studies on cyberbullying among university students, especially in Myanmar. This study aims to determine the percentage of university students who suffered cyberbullying victimization in the last 12 months, and the association between students’ socio-demographic characteristics, adverse events following cyberbullying and cyberbullying victimization.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students aged 18 years and older at one medical university in Magway, Myanmar. A total of 412 students (277 males and 135 females) participated in the study. Data were collected from August to September, 2018 using a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analyses (models I and II) were performed to estimate the unadjusted (UOR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results
In total, 40.8% of males and 51.1% of females in the study had suffered cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months. In model I, students who had been studying at the university for 3 years or less (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.14–2.85), and who had witnessed psychological, physical or sexual violence, or cyberbullying in their neighborhoods, (AOR = 2.95; 95% CI 1.48–5.91) were more likely to have suffered cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months. In model II, being a victim of cyberbullying was associated with difficulties in concentrating and understanding lectures (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI 1.72–9.11), and substance abuse (AOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.02–5.49). Non-resident students were at a higher risk of being cyberbullying victims than their resident peers (AOR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.04–3.34).
Conclusion
Two out of five students had suffered cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months, and only half of the victims discussed their experience(s) with someone else. Students who suffered cyberbullying victimization faced academic difficulties and started or increased smoking, betel chewing or alcohol drinking. Counter measures to prevent and mitigate the adverse events related to cyberbullying victimization are urgently needed among university students in Myanmar. Periodic screening for cyberbullying, counseling services, cyber-safety educational programs, and awareness raising campaigns should be implemented.
Klíčová slova:
Adverse events – Cell phones – Facebook – Internet – Lectures – Myanmar – Social media – Suicide
Zdroje
1. Turan N, Polat O, Karapirli M, Uysal C, Turan SG. The new violence type of the era: cyber bullying among university students: violence among university students. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2011;17(1):21–26. doi: 10.1016/j.npbr.2011.02.005
2. Ševčíková A, Šmahel D. Online harassment and cyberbullying in the Czech Republic: comparison across age groups. Z Psychol. 2009;217(4):227–229. doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.227
3. Smith PK. Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In: Handbook of school violence and school safety. Routledge; 2002. p.111–121.
4. Tokunaga RS. Following you home from school: a critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav. 2010;26(3):277–287. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
5. Smith PK, Slee P, Morita Y, Catalano R, Junger-Tas J, Olweus D, editors. The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. Psychology Press; 1999. Available from: https://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hWBVINZ5bk8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=The+nature+of+school+bullying:+A+crossnational+perspective&ots=jz0iCe48wq&sig=1dOLt98z_SooZnrLU048CavxMg#v=onepage&q=The%20nature%20of%20school%20bullying%3A%20A%20cross-national%20perspective&f=false.
6. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):376–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x 18363945.
7. Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR. Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(4):1073–1137. doi: 10.1037/a0035618 24512111
8. Siddiqui SA. Cyberbullying and cyber-victimization: from online suicide groups to ‘blue whale’ menace. Indian Pediatr. 2017; 54(12):1056. Available from https://indianpediatrics.net/dec2017/1056.pdf. 29317566.
9. Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar. Fact Sheet: gender-based violence. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar. 2018.
10. Willard NE. Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Campaign:Research press; 2007. Available from: https://books.google.com.mm/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VyTdG2BTnl4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&dq=Cybebullying+and+cyberthreats:+Responding+to+the+challenge+of+online+social+aggression,+threas,+and+distress.+Champaign,+IL:+Research+Press.&ots=u6Ih1Lul6s&sig=1GO4okCOY4BJskbWxyg9ITR8Q&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cyberbullying%20and%20cyberthreats%3A%20Respondin20to%20the%20challenge%20of%20online%20social%20aggression%2C%20threats%2C%20and20distress.%20Champaign%2C%20IL%3A%20Research%20Press.&f=false
11. Kowalski RM, Morgan CA, Drake-Lavelle K, Allison B. Cyberbullying among college students with disabilities. Comput Human Behav. 2016;57:416–427. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.044
12. Lindsay M, Krysik J. Online harassment among college students: a replication incorporating new Internet trends. Inf Commun Soc. 2012;15(5):703–719. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.674959
13. Dilmac B. Psychological needs as a predictor of cyber bullying: a preliminary report on college students. Educ Sci Theory Pract. 2009;9(3):1307–1325. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ858926.
14. Cénat JM, Smith K, Hébert M, Derivois D. Cybervictimization and suicidality among French undergraduate Students: a mediation model. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:90–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.026 30769296.
15. Li Q. New bottle but old wine: a research of cyberbullying in schools. Comput Human Behav. 2007;23(4):1777–17791. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
16. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: a preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence Juv Justice. 2006;4(2):148–169. doi: 10.1177/1541204006286288
17. Aboujaoude E, Savage MW, Starcevic V, Salame WO. Cyberbullying: review of an old problem gone viral. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57(1):10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011 26095405.
18. Watts LK, Wagner J, Velasquez B, Behrens PI. Cyberbullying in higher education: a literature review. Comput Human Behav. 2017;69:268–274. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.038
19. DeHue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: youngsters' experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11(2):217–223. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0008 18422417.
20. Francisco SM, Simão AM, Ferreira PC, das Dores Martins MJ. Cyberbullying: the hidden side of college students. Comput Human Behav. 2015;43:167–182. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.045
21. Slonje R, Smith PK. Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(2):147–154. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x 18352984.
22. Smith PK, Shu S. What good schools can do about bullying: findings from a survey in English schools after a decade of research and action. Childhood. 2000;7(2):193–212. doi: 10.1177/0907568200007002005
23. Mitchell KJ, Ybarra M, Finkelhor D. The relative importance of online victimization in understanding depression, delinquency, and substance use. Child Maltreat. 2007;12(4):314–324. doi: 10.1177/1077559507305996 17954938.
24. Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41(6):S42–S50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004 18047944.
25. Raskauskas J, Stoltz AD. Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(3):564–575. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.564 17484571.
26. Kowalski RM, Limber SP. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(1):S13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018 23790195.
27. Çelik S, Atak H, Erguzen A. The Effect of Personality on Cyberbullying among University Students in Turkey. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2012;49:129–150. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1059925.
28. Strøm IF, Thoresen S, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dyb G. Violence, bullying and academic achievement: a study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(4):243–251. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.10.010 23298822.
29. Nakamoto J, Schwartz D. Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Soc Dev. 2010;19(2):221–242. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x
30. Yoo YS, Cho OH, Cha KS. Associations between overuse of the internet and mental health in adolescents. Nurs Health Sci. 2014;16(2):193–200. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12086 23991723.
31. Young KS, Rogers RC. The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1998;1(1):25–28. doi: 10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25
32. Diamanduros T, Downs E, Jenkins SJ. The role of school psychologists in the assessment, prevention, and intervention of cyberbullying. Psychol Sch. 2008;45(8):693–704. doi: 10.1002/pits.20335
33. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14(3):206–221. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2010.494133 20658375.
34. Van Geel M, Vedder P, Tanilon J. Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(5):435–442. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4143 24615300.
35. Juvonen J, Wang Y, Espinoza G. Bullying experiences and compromised academic performance across middle school grades. J Early Adolesc. 2011;31(1):152–173. doi: 10.1177/0272431610379415
36. Konishi C, Hymel S, Zumbo BD, Li Z. Do school bullying and student teacher relationships matter for academic achievement? A multilevel analysis. Can J Sch Psychol. 2010;25(1):19–39. doi: 10.1177/0829573509357550
37. Rothon C, Head J, Klineberg E, Stansfeld S. Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. J Adolesc. 2011;34(3):579–588. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.007 20637501; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3107432.
38. Sourander A, Brunstein klomek A, Ikonen M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: a population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(7):720–728. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79 20603453.
39. Kowalski RM, Limber SE, Agatston PW. Cyberbullying: bullying in the digital age. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: https://leseprobe.buch.de/images-adb/b0/f1/b0f15512-46cb-4a7d-b8fe-533273e9c564.pdf.
40. Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Reese HH. Cyber bullying among college students: evidence from multiple domains of college life. Wankel L and Wankel C, editors. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited; p. 293–321.
41. Li Q. Cyberbullying in schools: a research of gender differences. Sch Psychol Int. 2006;27(2):157–170. doi: 10.1177/0143034306064547
42. Ruangnapakul N, Salam YD, Shawkat AR. A Systematic Analysis of Cyber bullying in Southeast Asia Countries. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 2019;8(8S):104–111. ISSN: 2278-3075. Available from: https://www.ijitee.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i8s/H10200688S19.pdf
43. Kwan GC, Skoric MM. Facebook bullying: an extension of battles in school. Computers in human behavior. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29(1):16–25. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.014
44. Balakrishnan V. Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Comput Human Behav. 2015;46:149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.021
45. Musikaphan W. A study of cyber-bullying in the context of Thailand and Japan. Nakhon Pathom: National Institute for Child and Family Development, Mahidol University, Thailand. 2009.
46. Safaria T. Prevalence and impact of cyberbullying in a sample of Indonesian junior high school students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. 2016;15(1):82–91. ISSN: EISSN-1303-6521. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1086191.pdf.
47. Ministry of Health and Sports (MoHS); International Coach Federation (ICF). Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015–16. Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, and Rockville, Maryland USA: Ministry of Health and Sports and ICF; 2017.
48. Glasner AT. On the front lines: educating teachers about bullying and prevention methods. Soc Sci J. 2010;6:537–541. doi: 10.3844/jssp.2010.537.541
49. Walker CM. Cyberbullying redefined: An analysis of intent and repetition. Int J Educ Soc Sci. 2014;1(5):59–69. Available from: http://www.ijessnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/6.pdf.
50. Aricak T, Siyahhan S, Uzunhasanoglu A, et al. Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008;11(3):253–261. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0016 18537493.
51. Verkuil B, Atasayi S, Molendijk ML. Workplace bullying and mental health: a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135225 26305785; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4549296.
52. Cénat JM, Smith K, Hébert M, Derivois D. Cybervictimization and suicidality among French undergraduate students: a mediation model. J Affect Disord. 2019;15(249):90–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.026 30769296
53. Chang Q, Xing J, Ho RT, Yip PS. Cyberbullying and suicide ideation among Hong Kong adolescents: the mitigating effects of life satisfaction with family, classmates and academic results. Psychiatry Res. 2019;1(274):269–273. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.054 30825726
54. Kwan GCE, Skoric MM. Facebook bullying: an extension of battles in school. Comput Human Behav. 2013;29(1):16–25. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.014
55. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. J Adolesc. 2004;27(3):319–336. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007 15159091.
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2020 Číslo 1
- S diagnostikou Parkinsonovy nemoci může nově pomoci AI nástroj pro hodnocení mrkacího reflexu
- Proč při poslechu některé muziky prostě musíme tančit?
- Je libo čepici místo mozkového implantátu?
- Chůze do schodů pomáhá prodloužit život a vyhnout se srdečním chorobám
- Pomůže v budoucnu s triáží na pohotovostech umělá inteligence?
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds
- Chemical analysis of snus products from the United States and northern Europe
- Calcium dobesilate reduces VEGF signaling by interfering with heparan sulfate binding site and protects from vascular complications in diabetic mice
- Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation in drinking water on chicken crop and caeca microbiome
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy