Effects of rejection intensity and rejection sensitivity on social approach behavior in women
Autoři:
Violetta K. Schaan aff001; André Schulz aff001; Michael Bernstein aff002; Hartmut Schächinger aff003; Claus Vögele aff001
Působiště autorů:
Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
aff001; Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania, United States of America
aff002; Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 15(1)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227799
Souhrn
Objective
Perceived rejection plays an important role for mental health and social integration. This study investigated the impact of rejection intensity and rejection sensitivity on social approach behavior.
Method
121 female participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions differing in the degree of induced rejection (inclusion, medium rejection, severe rejection). Thereafter they were asked to interact with an unknown person during a touch-based cooperative task.
Results
Participants high in rejection sensitivity sought significantly less physical contact than participants low in rejection sensitivity. Individuals in the medium rejection condition touched their partners more often than those in the included condition, while no difference between included and severely rejected participants could be observed.
Conclusions
The results suggest that the intensity of rejection matters with regard to coping. While participants in the medium intensity rejection condition aimed to ‘repair’ their social self by seeking increased contact with others, severely rejected participants did not adapt their behavior compared to included participants. Implications for therapy are discussed.
Klíčová slova:
Behavior – Emotions – Interpersonal relationships – Motivation – Pain sensation – Personality – Psychological stress – Psychometrics
Zdroje
1. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995 May;117(3):497–529. 7777651
2. Hale CJ, Hannum JW, Espelage DL. Social Support and Physical Health: The Importance of Belonging. J Am Coll Health. 2005 Jun 5;53(6):276–84. doi: 10.3200/JACH.53.6.276-284 15900991
3. Walton GM, Cohen GL. A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students. Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1447–51. doi: 10.1126/science.1198364 21415354
4. Nikopoulos CK, Keenan M. Promoting social initiation in children with autism using video modeling. Behav Interv. 2003 Apr;18(2):87–108.
5. Stern C, West TV. Circumventing anxiety during interpersonal encounters to promote interest in contact: An implementation intention approach. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2014 Jan;50:82–93.
6. Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG, Klein DJ. What is an emotion? The role of somatovisceral afference, with special emphasis on somatovisceral ‘“illusions”‘. In Clark M. S. (Ed.). In: Emotion and social behaviour. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1992. p. 63–98.
7. Dickerson SS, Gruenewald TL, Kemeny ME. When the Social Self Is Threatened: Shame, Physiology, and Health. J Pers. 2004 Dec;72(6):1191–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00295.x 15509281
8. Major B, Mendes WB, Dovidio JF. Intergroup Relations and Health Disparities: A Social Psychological Perspective. Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2013 May;32(5):514–24.
9. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Berntson GG, Ernst JM, Gibbs AC, Stickgold R, et al. Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiency. Psychol Sci. 2002 Jul;13(4):384–7. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00469 12137144
10. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Garner W, Speicher C, Penn GM, Holliday J, Glaser R. Psychosocial modifiers of immunocompetence in medical students. Psychosom Med. 1984 Feb;46(1):7–14. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198401000-00003 6701256
11. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Perceived Social Isolation Makes Me Sad: Five Year Cross-Lagged Analyses of Loneliness and Depressive Symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychol Aging. 2010 Jun;25(2):453–63. doi: 10.1037/a0017216 20545429
12. Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychol Aging. 2006 Mar;21(1):140–51. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 16594799
13. Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P, Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013 Apr 9;110(15):5797–801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110 23530191
14. Baumeister RF, Twenge JM, Nuss CK. Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;83(4):817–27. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.817 12374437
15. Baumeister RF, DeWall CN, Ciarocco NJ, Twenge JM. Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Apr;88(4):589–604. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589 15796662
16. Twenge JM, Baumeister RF, Tice DM, Stucke TS. If you can’t join them, beat them Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:1058–69. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1058 11761307
17. Pickett CL, Gardner WL, Knowles M. Getting a Cue: The Need to Belong and Enhanced Sensitivity to Social Cues. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004 Sep 1;30(9):1095–107. doi: 10.1177/0146167203262085 15359014
18. Pickett CL, Gardner WL. The Social Monitoring System: Enhanced Sensitivity to Social Cues as an Adaptive Response to Social Exclusion. In: The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press; 2005. p. 213–26. (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology series).
19. Bernstein MJ, Sacco DF, Brown CM, Young SG, Claypool HM. A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010 Jan 1;46(1):196–9.
20. Bernstein MJ, Young SG, Brown CM, Sacco DF, Claypool HM. Adaptive Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Rejection Improves Detection of Real and Fake Smiles. Psychol Sci. 2008 Oct 1;19(10):981–3. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02187.x 19000206
21. Gardner WL, Pickett CL, Brewer MB. Social Exclusion and Selective Memory: How the Need to belong Influences Memory for Social Events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2000;26:486–96.
22. Claypool HM, Bernstein MJ. Social exclusion and stereotyping: Why and when exclusion fosters individuation of others. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014;106(4):571–89. doi: 10.1037/a0035621 24564374
23. Williams KD, Sommer KL. Social Ostracism by Coworkers: Does Rejection Lead to Loafing or Compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bullitin. 1997;23(7):693–706.
24. Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD. Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2004 Jul;8(7):294–300. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010 15242688
25. Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD. Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion. 2003;302:4.
26. Williams KD. Ostracism: The Kiss of Social Death. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2007;1(1):236–47.
27. Molden DC, Lucas GM, Gardner WL, Dean K, Knowles ML. Motivations for prevention or promotion following social exclusion: Being rejected versus being ignored. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;96(2):415–31. doi: 10.1037/a0012958 19159140
28. Bernstein MJ, Claypool HM. Social Exclusion and Pain Sensitivity: Why Exclusion Sometimes Hurts and Sometimes Numbs. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2012 Feb;38(2):185–96. doi: 10.1177/0146167211422449 21885860
29. DeWall CN, Baumeister RF. Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;91(1):1–15. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.1 16834476
30. Blascovich J. Challenge and Threat. In: Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation [Internet]. Routledge; 2014 [cited 2018 Jul 6]. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203888148
31. Mendes WB, Blascovich J, Major B, Seery M. Challenge and threat responses during downward and upward social comparisons. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2001 Sep;31(5):477–97.
32. Drach-Zahavy A, Erez M. Challenge versus threat effects on the goal–performance relationship. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2002 Jul 1;88(2):667–82.
33. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985 Jan;48(1):150–70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150 2980281
34. Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter C, DeLongis A, Gruen RJ. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;50(5):992–1003. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.5.992 3712234
35. Alter AL, Aronson J, Darley JM, Rodriguez C, Ruble DN. Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010 Jan 1;46(1):166–71.
36. Aronson J, Lustina MJ, Good C, Keough K, Steele CM, Brown J. When White Men Can’t Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1999 Jan;35(1):29–46.
37. De Martino B, Kalisch R, Rees G, Dolan RJ. Enhanced Processing of Threat Stimuli under Limited Attentional Resources. Cereb Cortex. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):127–33. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn062 18448453
38. Pennebaker JW, Lightner JM. Competition of internal and external information in an exercise setting. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980;39(1):165–74. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.39.1.165 7411392
39. Downey G, Feldman SI. Implications of Rejection Sensitivity for Intimate Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70(6):17.
40. Feldman S, Downey G. (1994). Rejection Sensitivity as a Mediator of the Impact of Childhood Exposure to Family Violence on Adult Attachment Behavior. Development and Psychopathology. 1994; 6:231–247. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400005976 23438329
41. Khoshkam S, Bahrami F, Ahmadi SA, Fatehizade M, & Etemadi O. Attachment Style and Rejection Sensitivity: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Worry Among Iranian College Students. Europe’s Journal of Psychology. 2012;8(3): 363–374.
42. Chango JM, McElhaney KB, Allen JP, Schad MM, Marston E. Relational stressors and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: rejection sensitivity as a vulnerability. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012 Apr;40(3):369–79. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9570-y 21927802
43. Liu RT, Kraines MA, Massing-Schaffer M, Alloy LB. Rejection Sensitivity and Depression: Mediation by Stress Generation. Psychiatry Interpers Biol Process. 2014 Mar;77(1):86–97.
44. Pearson KA, Watkins ER, Mullan EG. Submissive interpersonal style mediates the effect of brooding on future depressive symptoms. Behav Res Ther. 2010 Oct;48(10):966–73. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.029 20598671
45. Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226–44. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 1920064
46. Özen A, Sümer N, Demir M. Predicting friendship quality with rejection sensitivity and attachment security. J Soc Pers Relatsh. 2011 Mar;28(2):163–81.
47. Pietrzak J, Downey G, Ayduk O. Rejection Sensitivity as an Interpersonal Vulnerability. In: Interpersonal cognition. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2005. p. 62–84.
48. Watson J, Nesdale D. Rejection Sensitivity, Social Withdrawal, and Loneliness in Young Adults. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2012 Aug 1;42(8):1984–2005.
49. Erdfelder E, Faul F, Buchner A. GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1996 Mar 1;28(1):1–11.
50. Koslov KR. Pounding hearts and brittle smiles: The effect of resource depletion on outgroup positivity. [Internet]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. (UMI No. 3414826). 2010 [cited 2019 May 14]. https://search.proquest.com/openview/1a0fbf3c1449838f527080127eefc1de/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
51. Krohne HW, Egloff B, Kohlmann C-W, Tausch A. Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Version der “Positive and Negative Affect Schedule” (PANAS). [Investigations with a German version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS).]. Diagnostica. 1996;42(2):139–56.
52. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063–70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063 3397865
53. Schulze J, Gutz L, Renneberg B. Ein effizienterer Weg um Zurückweisungsempfindlichkeit zu erfassen–Entwicklung einer Kurzversion des Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaires (RSQ). In: Abstractband des 30 Symposium Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie der DGPs Fachgruppe Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie [book of abstracts of the 30th symposium for clinical psychology and psychotherapy of the DGPs chapter clinical psychology and psychotherapy]. University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg; 2012.
54. Eysenck HJ, Eggert D, Ratschinski G. Eysenck-Persönlichkeits-Inventar E-P-I: Handanweisung für die Durchführung und Auswertung. Göttingen: C.J. Hogrefe; 1983.
55. Francis LJ, Lewis CA, Ziebertz H-G. The Short-Form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-S): A German edition. Soc Behav Personal. 2006 Mar 1;34(2):197–204–204.
56. Sawyer PJ, Major B, Casad BJ, Townsend SSM, Mendes WB. Discrimination and the Stress Response: Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Anticipating Prejudice in Interethnic Interactions. Am J Public Health. 2012 May;102(5):1020–6. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620 22420818
57. Maner JK, DeWall CN, Baumeister RF, Schaller M. Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem”. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007 Jan;92(1):42–55. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42 17201541
58. Duffy KA, Harris LT, Chartrand TL, Stanton SJ. Women recovering from social rejection: The effect of the person and the situation on a hormonal mechanism of affiliation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Feb;76:174–82. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.017 27940371
59. Waters SF, West TV, Karnilowicz HR, Mendes WB. Affect contagion between mothers and infants: Examining valence and touch. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2017 Jul;146(7):1043–51. doi: 10.1037/xge0000322 28493755
60. Hertenstein MJ, Holmes R, McCullough M, Keltner D. The communication of emotion via touch. Emotion. 2009;9(4):566–73. doi: 10.1037/a0016108 19653781
61. Hertenstein MJ, Keltner D, App B, Bulleit BA, Jaskolka AR. Touch communicates distinct emotions. Emotion. 2006;6(3):528–33. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528 16938094
62. Hertenstein MJ, Keltner D. Gender and the Communication of Emotion Via Touch. Sex Roles. 2011 Jan 1;64(1–2):70–80. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9842-y 21297854
63. Peters BJ, Jamieson JP. The consequences of suppressing affective displays in romantic relationships: A challenge and threat perspective. Emot Wash DC. 2016;16(7):1050–66.
64. Leary MR, Haupt AL, Strausser KS, Chokel JT. Calibrating the sociometer: the relationship between interpersonal appraisals and state self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 May;74(5):1290–9. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1290 9599444
65. Smith A, Williams KD. R U There? Ostracism by Cell Phone Text Messages. Group Dyn Theory Res Pract. 2004;8(4):291–301.
66. Zadro L, Boland C, Richardson R. How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2006 Sep 1;42(5):692–7.
67. Ayduk O, Downey G, Testa A, Yen Y, Shoda Y. Does Rejection Elicit Hostility in Rejection Sensitive Women? Soc Cogn. 1999 Jun 1;17(2):245–71.
68. Pfundmair M, DeWall CN, Fries V, Geiger B, Krämer T, Krug S, et al. Sugar or spice: Using I3 metatheory to understand how and why glucose reduces rejection-related aggression. Aggress Behav. 2015;41(6):537–43. doi: 10.1002/ab.21593 26198908
69. Fang A, Asnaani A, Gutner C, Cook C, Wilhelm S, Hofmann SG. Rejection Sensitivity Mediates the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Body Dysmorphic Concerns. J Anxiety Disord. 2011 Oct;25(7):946–9. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.001 21741203
70. Rabiner D, Coie J. Effect of Expectancy Inductions on Rejected Children’s Acceptance by Unfamiliar Peers. Developmental Psychology. 1989;3(25):450–7.
71. Leary MR. Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Anxiety, Jealousy, Loneliness, Depression, and Low Self-Esteem. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1990 Jun 1;9(2):221–9.
72. Harper MS, Dickson JW, Welsh DP. Self-Silencing and Rejection Sensitivity in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. J Youth Adolesc. 2006 Jun;35(3):435–43.
73. Downey G, Freitas AL, Michaelis B, Khouri H. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Close Relationships: Rejection Sensitivity and Rejection by Romantic Partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;75(2), 545–560. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.545 9731324
74. Bernstein MJ, Claypool HM, Nadzan MA, Schuepfer K, Benfield JA, Nutt RJ. Validating the state motivation to foster social connections scale. J Soc Psychol. 2019;159(6):709–24. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1558882 30623740
75. Williams KD, Cheung CKT, Choi W. Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79(5):748–62. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748 11079239
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2020 Číslo 1
- Pomohou nám s detekcí karcinomu plic i včely?
- Duševní onemocnění se u teenagerů přenáší v rámci školní třídy
- Od kostiček k lidské kůži. Jak si postavit 3D biotiskárnu?
- Řekněte mi, co jíte, a já vám řeknu, jaká je úroveň vaší kognice
- Umělá inteligence v mozkovém implantátu pomáhá muži po mrtvici s dvojjazyčnou konverzací
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Severity of misophonia symptoms is associated with worse cognitive control when exposed to misophonia trigger sounds
- Chemical analysis of snus products from the United States and northern Europe
- Calcium dobesilate reduces VEGF signaling by interfering with heparan sulfate binding site and protects from vascular complications in diabetic mice
- Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation in drinking water on chicken crop and caeca microbiome
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy