Factors influencing cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) bioactive compounds

English version

Autoři: Han Yu ^aff001; Jiaxin Zhao ^aff002; Jian You ^aff002; Jiangnan Li ^aff002; Hongyu Ma ^aff004; Xia Chen ^aff002
Působiště autorů: College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China ^aff001; National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Herbal Medicine Breeding and Cultivation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China ^aff002; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China ^aff003; Jilin Provincial Joint Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Biocoenosis and Biodiversity, Academy of Science of Changbai Mountain, Yanbian, Jilin, China ^aff004
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223763

Souhrn

We aimed to investigate the effects of genome, age, and soil factors on cultivated Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (CPG) compounds under identical climate and agronomic practices. Eight populations of CPG from different years and rhizosphere soils were collected from garden and cropland in the city of Ji’an, China. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to detect genetic diversity and identity, and soil microbial community diversity. Soil enzyme activities and nutrients were also measured. The contents of total ginsenosides (TG), Rg1, Re, Rf, Rd, and ginsenoside extractions of CPG were analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. The relative importance of each factor was analyzed by mathematical methods such as correlation analysis, stepwise line regression, and path analysis. Regression equations of similarity values of HPLC fingerprint (SVHF), richness index of HPLC fingerprint (RIHF) and the TG, Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rd contents with their respective significant correlation factors were obtained. For SVHF, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity>genetic diversity. For RIHF, the relative importance is age>genetic diversity>microbial community diversity. For TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, the relative importance is age>microbial community diversity. Ginseng age and genetic identity influenced Rd content, and age was more important. Total phosphorus was the only directly negative effect on Re. According to regression equations and path analysis, increasing age and decreasing Shannon (H') could improve the TG, Rg1, and Rf contents, with little effect on SVHF. Adding age, genetic diversity, and decreasing Shannon (H’) increased RIHF. Adding age and genetic identity could also improve Rd content. Appropriate decreases in total phosphorus might increase Re content. These findings are significant for CPG scientific cultivation methods, through which CPG bioactive ingredients could be finely controlled via regulation of genotypes and cultural conditions.

Klíčová slova:

Agricultural soil science – Bacteria – Genetic loci – High performance liquid chromatography – Population genetics – Rhizosphere – Shannon index – Treatment guidelines

Zdroje

1. Chinese Academy of Science. Editorial Committee of the Flora of China: Flora of China. Volume 54. Beijing: Science Press; 1978. pp. 180.

2. Wen J, Zimmer EA. Phylogeny and biogeography of PanaxL. (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1996;6(2): 167–177. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1996.0069 8899721

3. Lee JW, Kim YC, Jo IH, Seo AY, Lee JH, Kim OT, et al. Development of an ISSR-Derived SCAR Marker in Korean Ginseng Cultivars (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). J. Ginseng Res. 2011;35(1): 52–59.

4. Li S, Li J, Yang XL, Cheng Z, Zhang WJ. Genetic diversity and differentiation of cultivated P. ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) populations in North-east China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2011;58: 815–824.

5. Wang CZ, Ni M, Sun S, Li XL, He H, Mehendale SR, et al. Detection of adulteration of notoginseng root extract with other panax species by quantitative HPLC coupled with PCA. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(6): 2363–2367. doi: 10.1021/jf803320d 19256509

6. Zuo G, Guan T, Chen DL, Li CL, Jiang R, Luo CY, et al. Total saponins of Panax ginseng induces K562 cell differentiation by promoting internalization of the erythropoietin receptor. Am J Chin Med. 2009;37(4): 747–57. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X09007211 19655412

7. Taira S, Ikeda R, Yokota N, Osaka I, Sakamoto M, Kato M, et al. Mass spectrometric imaging of ginsenosides localization in Panax ginseng root. Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(3): 485–93. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X10008007 20503467

8. Schlag EM, Mclntosh MS. Ginsenoside content and variation among and within American ginseng (Panax quinquefoliusL.) populations. Phytochemistry. 2006;67: 1510–1519. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.028 16839573

9. Leung KW, Wong AST. Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chinese Medicine. 2010;5(20): 1–7.

10. Kampen JV, Robertson H, Hagg T, Drobitch R. Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Experimental neurology. 2003;184(1): 521–529. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.08.002 14637121

11. Liao B, Newmark H, Zhou R. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Total Saponin and Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on Spinal Cord Neurons in Vitro. Experimental neurology. 2002;173(2): 224–234. doi: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7841 11822886

12. Lim JH, Wen TC, Matsuda S, Tanaka J, Maeda N, Peng H, et al. Protection of ischemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside Rb1, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neuroscience research. 1997;28(3): 191–200. doi: 10.1016/s0168-0102(97)00041-2 9237267

13. Cho J, Park W, Lee S, Ahn W, Lee Y. Ginsenoside-Rb1 from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer activates estrogen receptor-α and-β, independent of ligand binding. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2004;89(7): 3510–3515.

14. Cheng Y, Shen LH, Zhang JT. Anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 and its mechanism of action. ACTA pharmacologica sinica. 2005;26(2): 143–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00034.x 15663889

15. Kenarova B, Neychev H, Hadjiivanova C, Petkov VD. Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Japanese journal of pharmacology. 1990;54(4): 447–449. doi: 10.1254/jjp.54.447 2087006

16. Liu M, Zhang JT. Studies on the mechanisms of immunoregulatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in aged rats. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 1995;31(2): 95–100.

17. Zhou W, Chai H, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao QZ, Chen CY. Ginsenoside Rb1 blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. Journal of vascular surgery. 2005;41(5): 861–868. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.01.054 15886672

18. Zhang QH, Wu CF, Duan L, Yang JY. Protective effects of total saponins from stem and leaf of Panax ginseng against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in mouse bone marrow cells and peripheral lymphocyte cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(1): 293–302. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.025 17904265

19. Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life sciences. 2000;67(11): 1297–1306. doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00720-7 10972198

20. Hofseth LJ, Wargovich MJ. Inflammation, cancer, and targets of ginseng. The Journal of nutrition. 2007;137(1): 183–185.

21. Choi YJ, Lee HJ, Kang DW, Han IH, Choi BK, Cho WH. Ginsenoside Rg3 induces apoptosis in the U87MG human glioblastoma cell line through the MEK signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species. Oncology Reports. 2013;30(3) 1362–1370 doi: 10.3892/or.2013.2555 23783960

22. Ling C, Li Y, Zhu X, Zhang C, Li M. Ginsenosides may reverse the dexamethasone-induced down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor. General and comparative endocrinology. 2005;140(3): 203–209. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.11.003 15639148

23. Nocerino E, Amato M, Izzo AA. The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Fitoterapia. 2000;71: 1–5.

24. Nah SY, Kim DH, Rhim H. Ginsenosides are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13: 381–404. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00023.x 18078425

25. Nah SY, Bhatia KS, Lyles J, Ellinwood EH, Lee TH. Effects of ginseng saponin on acute cocaine-induced alterations in evoked dopamine release and uptake in rat brain nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 2009;1248: 184–90. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.064 19026615

26. Chen CF, Chiou WF, Zhang JT. Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Acta Pharmacol Sinica. 2008;29: 1103–8.

27. Sengupta S, Toh SA, Sellers LA, Skepper JN, Koolwijk P, Leunq HW, et al. Modulating angiogenesis: the yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation. 2004;110: 1219–25. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140676.88412.CF 15337705

28. Yue PY, Mak NK, Cheng YK, Leung KW, Ng TB, Fan DT, et al. Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions ofginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chin. Med. 2007;2(6): 1–21.

29. Davy CW Lee, Allan SY Lau. Effects of Panax ginsengon Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Mediated Inflammation: A Mini-Review. Molecules. 2011;16: 2802–2816. doi: 10.3390/molecules16042802 21455094

30. Lim W, Mudge KW, Vermeylen F. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2005;53(22): 8498–8505. doi: 10.1021/jf051070y 16248544

31. Lui JH, Staba EJ. The ginsenosides of various ginseng plants and selected products. Journal of Natural Products. 1980;43(3): 340–346.

32. Xu GH, Zheng HY. Handbook of Analysis Methods of Soil Microbiology. Beijing: Agricultural Press; 1986. pp. 102.

33. Guan SY. Methods for Determination of Soil Enzyme Activity. Beijing: Agricultural Press;1986. pp. 234.

34. Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, CAS. Analysis of soil physical and chemical properties. Shanghai: Shanghai Sci.& Tech. Press; 1981. pp. 134.

35. Yeh FC, Yang RC, Boyle T; 1999. POPGENE, version 1.32: the user friendly software for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

36. Francis CY, Yang RC; 2000. Popgene version 1.32. Available from: http://www.seekbio.com/DownloadShow.asp?id=1059

37. Doelman P, Haanstra L. Short-and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1989;8(3): 235–241.

38. Tistaert C, Dejaegher B, Heyden YV. Chromatographic separation techniques and data handling methods for herbal fingerprints: a review. Analytica chimica acta. 2011;690(2): 148–161. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.023 21435470

39. Chen Y, Yan Y, Xie MY, Nie SP, Liu W, Gong xf, et al. Development of a chromatographic fingerprint for the chloroform extracts of Ganoderma lucidum by HPLC and LC–MS. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2008;47(3): 469–477. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.039 18337046

40. Tang QY, Feng MG DPS data processing system: experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining. Science, Beijing. 2007

41. Bai D, Brandle J, Reeleder R. Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis. Genome. 1997;40(1): 111–115. doi: 10.1139/g97-015 18464811

42. Cruse-Sanders JM, Hamrick JL. Genetic diversity in harvested and protected populations of wild American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L.(Araliaceae). American Journal of Botany. 2004;91(4): 540–548. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.4.540 21653409

43. Li S, Li J, Yang XL, Cheng Z, Zhang WJ. Genetic diversity and differentiation of cultivated P. ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) populations in North-east China revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2011;58(6): 815–824.

44. Reunova GD, Kats IL, Muzarok TI, Zhuravlev YN. Polymorphism of RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers of the Panax ginseng CA Meyer (Araliaceae) genome. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2010;46(8): 938–947.

45. Zhao Y, Gu X, Wu L. Researches on categories, characteristics, and utilization value of cultivated P. ginseng germplasm resources. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 2007;38(2): 294.

46. Culley TM, Wallace LE, Gengler-Nowak KM, Crawford DJ. A comparison of two methods of calculating GST, a genetic measure of population differentiation. American Journal of Botany. 2002;89(3): 460–465. doi: 10.3732/ajb.89.3.460 21665642

47. Monk CD. Tree species diversity in the eastern deciduous forest with particular reference to north central Florida. Am. Natur. 1967;101: 173–87

48. Nanping Z, Xinyue X, Ping Z. Study on the establishing of reference fingerprint for the traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese Pharmaceutical Affairs. 2003;6: 347–350.

49. Qinglei S, Yunliang L, He Z. Study on the Similarity Between HPLC Fingerprints. Chemical Analysis and Meterage. 2006;15(6): 54–55.

50. Li Y, Ying YX, Zhao DY, Ding WL. Microbial community diversity analysis of Panax ginseng rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method. Open Journal of Genetics. 2012;2: 95–102.

51. Li XY, Jin HQ, Jia B. Biodiversity of soil microorganisms in the fields of different growing years of Ginseng. Journal of Agricuhural Science Yanbian University. 2011;33(2): 133–136.

52. Yao HY, Jiao XD, Wu FZ. Effects of continuous cucumber cropping and alternative rotations under protected cultivation on soil microbial community diversity. Plant Soil. 2006;284: 195–203.

53. Lin XG, Yin R, Zhang HY, Huang JF, Chen RR, Cao ZH. Changes of soil microbiological properties caused by land use changing from rice-wheat rotation to vegetable cultivation. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2004;26: 119–128. 15499767

54. Balota EL, Kanashiro M, Colozzi Filho A, Andrade DS, Dick RP. Soil enzyme activities under long-term tillage and crop rotation systems in subtropical agro-ecosystems. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2004;35(4): 300–306.

55. Dick RP, Pankhurst C, Doube B M. Soil enzyme activities as integrative indicators of soil health. Biological indicators of soil health. 1997: 121–156.

56. Piotrowska A, Dlugosz J, Zamorski R, Bogdanowicz P. Changes of enzymatic activity in soil supplemented with microbiological preparation. UGmax®19th World Congress of Soil Science. 2010.

57. Trasar-Cepeda C, Leiros MC, Seoane S, Gil-Sotres F. Limitations of soil enzymes as indicators of soil pollution. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2000;32(13): 1867–1875.

58. Konsler TR, Zito SW, Shelton JE, Staba EJ. Lime and phosphorus effects on American ginseng: II. Root and leaf ginsenoside content and their relationship. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1990;115(4): 575–580.

59. Broeckling CD, Broz AK, Bergelson J, Manter DK, Vivanco JM. Root exudates regulate soil fungal community composition and diversity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2008;74(3): 738–744. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02188-07 18083870

60. Yu KW, Gao WY, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Effects of macro elements and nitrogen source on adventitious root growth and ginsenoside production in ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer). Journal of Plant Biology. 2001;44(4): 179–184.

61. Murphy L. Effects of American ginseng on breast cancer and prostate cancer cells. American Ginseng; Production in the 21st Century; Conference Proceedings 2000; Cornell Cooperative Extension of Green County. 2000: 39–45.

62. Attele AS, Zhou YP. Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Diabetes. 2002;51(6): 1851–1858. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1851 12031973

Factors influencing cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) bioactive compounds

Souhrn

Klíčová slova:

Zdroje

PLOS One

INSIGHTS from European Respiratory Congress

Současné pohledy na riziko v parodontologii

Svět praktické medicíny 3/2024 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Kardiologické projevy hypereozinofilií

Střevní příprava před kolonoskopií