Modeling environmental variability and network formation among pastoral nomadic households: Implications for the rise of the Mongol Empire

English version

Autoři: Daniel R. Shultz ^aff001; Andre Costopoulos ^aff002
Působiště autorů: Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ^aff001; Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada ^aff002
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223677

Souhrn

We use agent-based computer simulation to test the effect of environmental conditions (available biomass/carrying capacity and environmental risk) on the development of wealth inequality and patron-client herding networks in nomadic pastoral economies. Our results show that 1) wealth inequality reaches very high levels when carrying capacity is high and risk is low, and 2) patron-client contract herding networks increase in size and duration when carrying capacity is high and risk is low. We compare empirical data from the Mongol (1206–1368 CE) and Xiongnu (209 BCE– 48 CE) empires with simulation results to develop an explanatory mechanism for the apparent correlation between nomadic empire creation and positive environmental conditions. We argue that the internal dynamics of nomadic pastoral societies are sufficient to produce high degrees of inequality and hierarchical herding networks. Nomadic empires are more likely to form during key periods of increased biomass and decreased environmental risk.

Klíčová slova:

Agent-based modeling – Archaeology – Climate change – Livestock – Mongolia – Simulation and modeling – Carrying capacity – Historical archaeology

Zdroje

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Modeling environmental variability and network formation among pastoral nomadic households: Implications for the rise of the Mongol Empire

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