Causes of inferior relative survival after testicular germ cell tumor diagnosed 1953–2015: A population-based prospective cohort study
Autoři:
Øivind Kvammen aff001; Tor Åge Myklebust aff003; Arne Solberg aff002; Bjørn Møller aff004; Olbjørn Harald Klepp aff001; Sophie Dorothea Fosså aff006; Torgrim Tandstad aff002
Působiště autorů:
Department of Oncology, Ålesund Hospital, Ålesund, Norway
aff001; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
aff002; Department of Research and Innovation, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
aff003; Department of Registration, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
aff004; The Cancer Clinic, St. Olav´s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
aff005; National Advisory Unit on Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, The Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
aff006; Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
aff007
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225942
Souhrn
Background
Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) patients and survivors have excess mortality compared to the general male population, but relative survival (RS) has been scarcely studied. We investigated causes of excess mortality and their impact on RS among men diagnosed with TGCT in Norway, 1953–2015.
Methods and findings
Using registry data (n = 9541), standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and RS were calculated. By December 31st, 2015, 816 testicular cancer (TC) and 1508 non-TC deaths had occurred (non-TC SMR: 1.36). Within five years of TGCT diagnosis, 80% were TC deaths. Non-TC second cancer (SC) caused 65% of excess non-TC deaths, of which 34% from gastric, pancreatic or bladder cancer. SC SMRs remained elevated ≥26 years of follow-up. In localized TGCT diagnosed >1979, SC SMRs were only elevated after seminoma. Cardiovascular disease caused 9% and other causes 26% of excess non-TC deaths, of which 58% from gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders. RS continuously declined with follow-up. TGCT patients diagnosed >1989 had superior five-year TC-specific RS (98.3%), lower non-TC SMR (1.21), but elevated SMRs for several SCs, infections, Alzheimer’s disease, genitourinary disease and suicide. A limitation was lack of individual treatment data.
Conclusions
RS declines mainly from TC deaths <5 years after TGCT diagnosis. Later, excess SC mortality becomes particularly important, reducing RS even ≥26 years. Radiotherapy; standard adjuvant seminoma treatment 1980–2007, is likely an important contributor, as are chemotherapy and possibly innate susceptibilities. Vigilant long-term follow-up, including psychosocial aspects, is important. Further research should focus on identifying survivor risk groups and optimizing treatment.
Klíčová slova:
Alzheimer's disease – Cancer detection and diagnosis – Cancer treatment – Cardiovascular diseases – Germ cells – Norway – Radiation therapy – Testicular cancer
Zdroje
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