Multiple cyanotoxin congeners produced by sub-dominant cyanobacterial taxa in riverine cyanobacterial and algal mats
Autoři:
Laura T. Kelly aff001; Keith Bouma-Gregson aff003; Jonathan Puddick aff002; Rich Fadness aff004; Ken G. Ryan aff001; Timothy W. Davis aff005; Susanna A. Wood aff002
Působiště autorů:
School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
aff001; Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson, New Zealand
aff002; Office of Information Management and Analysis, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, United States of America
aff003; North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
aff004; Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
aff005
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220422
Souhrn
Benthic cyanobacterial proliferations in rivers are have been reported with increasing frequency worldwide. In the Eel and Russian rivers of California, more than a dozen dog deaths have been attributed to cyanotoxin toxicosis since 2000. Periphyton proliferations in these rivers comprise multiple cyanobacterial taxa capable of cyanotoxin production, hence there is uncertainty regarding which taxa are producing toxins. In this study, periphyton samples dominated by the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena spp. and Microcoleus spp. and the green alga Cladophora glomerata were collected from four sites in the Eel River catchment and one site in the Russian River. Samples were analysed for potential cyanotoxin producers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in concert with Sanger sequencing. Cyanotoxin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, and anatoxin quota (the amount of cyanobacterial anatoxins per toxigenic cell) determined using droplet digital PCR. Sequencing indicated Microcoleus sp. and Nodularia sp. were the putative producers of cyanobacterial anatoxins and nodularins, respectively, regardless of the dominant taxa in the mat. Anatoxin concentrations in the mat samples varied from 0.1 to 18.6 μg g-1 and were significantly different among sites (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon test); however, anatoxin quotas were less variable (< 5-fold). Dihydroanatoxin-a was generally the most abundant variant in samples comprising 38% to 71% of the total anatoxins measured. Mats dominated by the green alga C. glomerata contained both anatoxins and nodularin-R at concentrations similar to those of cyanobacteria-dominated mats. This highlights that even when cyanobacteria are not the dominant taxa in periphyton, these mats may still pose a serious health risk and indicates that more widespread monitoring of all mats in a river are necessary.
Klíčová slova:
Algae – Cyanobacteria – Eels – Polymerase chain reaction – Rivers – Russian people – Toxins – Anabaena
Zdroje
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