Agricultural intensification was associated with crop diversification in India (1947-2014)
Autoři:
Jamey C. Smith aff001; Aniruddha Ghosh aff001; Robert J. Hijmans aff001
Působiště autorů:
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
aff001
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225555
Souhrn
Declines in agricultural biodiversity associated with modern farming practices may negatively affect the sustainability of agro-ecosystems, but formal knowledge of historical variation in spatio-temporal variation of agro-biodiversity is limited. We used time series of national (1947–2014) and district-level (1956–2008) crop distribution data for India to show that despite strong agricultural intensification after 1960, the average crop species diversity at the district level was stable, but increased at the country-level. While there was a decline in diversity in the major rice and wheat producing regions of northwestern India, associated with intensification of the production of these crops, diversity in western and southern India increased due to expansion of oilseeds and horticultural crops that replaced millet and sorghum. These opposite, but related, trends in crop-level diversity at the sub-national level partially canceled each other out at national level, but there nevertheless was a noticeable increase in overall crop diversity in India during this time period. Our results illustrate how patterns of change in crop diversity need to be considered at different levels of aggregation, and how a decrease in diversity associated with intensification and specialization in one area, may be associated with increased diversity elsewhere, and that support for intensive agriculture with relatively low crop diversity in some regions may be associated with an increase in crop diversity in other regions and at a higher level of aggregation.
Klíčová slova:
Biodiversity – Cereal crops – Crops – India – Millet – Rice – Sorghum – Wheat
Zdroje
1. Duffy JE. Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real‐world ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ. 2009; 7: 437–44. doi: 10.1890/070195
2. Altieri MA. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1999; 74: 19–31. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00028-6
3. Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99:16812–16816. doi: 10.1073/pnas.262413599 12486221
4. Roossinck MJ, Garcia-Arenal F. Ecosystem simplification, biodiversity loss and plant virus emergence. Curr Opin Virol. 2015; 10: 56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.005 25638504
5. Gaudin ACM, Tolhurst TN, Ker AP, Janovicek K, Tortora C, Martin RC, et al. Increasing crop diversity mitigates weather variations and improves yield stability. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113261 25658914
6. Frison EA, Cherfas J, Hodgkin T. Agricultural biodiversity is essential for a sustainable improvement in food and nutrition security. Sustainability. 2011; 3: 238–53. doi: 10.3390/su3010238
7. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature. 2002; 418: 671–77. doi: 10.1038/nature01014 12167873
8. Renard D, Tilman D. National food production stabilized by crop diversity. Nature. 2019; 571: 257–260. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1316-y 31217589
9. Mercer KL, Vigouroux Y, Castañeda-Álvarez NP, de Haan S, Hijmans RJ, Leclerc C, et al. Crop evolutionary agroecology: genetic and functional dimensions of agrobiodiversity and associated knowledge. In: Zimmerer KS, de Haan S, editors. Agrobiodiversity: Integrating Knowledge for a Sustainable Future. Strüngmann Forum Reports 24. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2019. p 21–62.
10. Brush SB. In-Situ Conservation of Landraces in Centers of Crop Diversity. Crop Sci. 1995; 35: 346–54; doi: 10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500020009x
11. Bellon MR, Brush SB. Keepers of maize in Chiapas, Mexico. Econ Bot. 1994. 48: 196–209. doi: 10.1007/BF02908218
12. Smale M. The Green Revolution and wheat genetic diversity: some unfounded assumptions. World Dev. 1997; 25: 1257–1269.
13. Tscharntke T, Klein AM, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity—ecosystem service management. Ecol Lett. 2005; 8: 857–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
14. Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG, Swift MJ. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science. 1997; 277 (5325): 504–509. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5325.504 20662149
15. Hijmans RJ, Choe H, Perlman J. Spatiotemporal patterns of field crop diversity in the United States, 1870–2012. Agricultural & Environmental Letters. 2016; 1:160022. doi: 10.2134/ael2016.05.0022
16. Renard D, Bennett EM, Rhemtulla JM. Agro-biodiversity has increased over a 95-year period at sub-regional and regional scales in southern Quebec, Canada. Environ Res Lett. 2016; 11 (12). doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124024
17. Parayil G. The Green Revolution in India: A case study of technological change. Technol Cult. 1992; 33: 737–756.
18. Narayana S, Delafi S, Gulati A. India: maize economy, incentives and policies. In: Gulati A. and Dixon J., Maize in Asia: changing markets and incentives. New Delhi: Academic Foundation; 2008. p 187–216.
19. Suweis S, Carr JA, Maritan A, Rinaldo A, D'Odorico P. Resilience and reactivity of global food security. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015; 112: 6902–6907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1507366112 25964361
20. Chakravarti AK. Green Revolution in India. Ann Am Assoc Geogr. 1972; 63: 319–330.
21. Statistical abstracts, India: New Series. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1951–1961.
22. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). FAO statistical yearbook. Rome: FAO; 1949–1962.
23. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) [cited 2017, June 1]. Database: FAOSTAT [Internet]. Available from http://www.fao.org/faostat/
24. Sanghi AKS, Kumar K, McKinsey JW. India agriculture and climate data set. Washington D.C.: World Bank. 1998.
25. ICRISAT-ICAR-IRRI. District Level Database Documentation: 19 States of India. Village Dynamics in South Asia (VDSA). ICRISAT. 2013. Available from http://vdsa.icrisat.ac.in/
26. Jos L. Entropy and Diversity. Oikos. 2006; 113: 363–75. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0030–1299.14714.x
27. Rosenzweig ML. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
28. Magurran AE. Measuring biological diversity. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2004
29. R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
30. Nagaraj N, Basavaraj G, Parthasarathy Rao P, Bantilan C, Haldar S. Sorghum and Pearl Millet Economy of India: Future Outlook and Options. Econ Polit Wkly. 2010; 52: 74–81
31. Pingali PL. Green Revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 12302–12308. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912953109 22826253
32. Ray R. Changes in food consumption and the implications for food security and undernourishment: India in the 1990s. Dev Change. 2007; 38: 321–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00414.x
33. Kumar P, Mruthyunjaya, Dey MM. Long-term changes in Indian food basket and nutrition. Econ and Polit Wkly. 2007; 42: 3567–3572. doi: 10.2307/40276502
34. Joshi P, Gulati A, Birthal PS, Tewari L. Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications. Econ Polit Wkly. 2004; 39: 2457–2467.
35. Yadav RL, Yadav DS, Singh RM, Kumar A. Long term effects of inorganic fertilizer inputs on crop productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys. 1998; 51: 193–2000.
36. Denison RF, McGuire AM. What should agriculture copy from natural ecosystems? Glob Food Sec. 2015; 4: 30–36. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.12.002
37. Shaw MW, Osborne TM. Geographic distribution of plant pathogens in response to climate change. Plant Pathol. 2011; 60: 31–43.
38. Wood D, Lenné J. Nature's fields: a neglected model for increasing food production. Outlook on Agric. 2016; 30: 161–70. doi: 10.5367/000000001101293616
39. Denison RF. Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture. Princeton University Press. 2012.
40. Rodell M, Velicogna I, Famiglietti JS. Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India. Nature. 2009; 460: 999–1002. doi: 10.1038/nature08238 19675570
41. Larsen AE, Noack F. Identifying the landscape drivers of agricultural insecticide use leveraging evidence from 100,000 fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017; 114: 5473–5478. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1620674114 28484021
42. Balwinder-Singh, McDonald AJ, Srivastava AK, Gerard B. Tradeoffs between groundwater conservation and air pollution from agricultural fires in northwest India. Nat Sustain. 2019; 2: 580–583.
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 12
- Pomohou nám s detekcí karcinomu plic i včely?
- Duševní onemocnění se u teenagerů přenáší v rámci školní třídy
- Od kostiček k lidské kůži. Jak si postavit 3D biotiskárnu?
- Řekněte mi, co jíte, a já vám řeknu, jaká je úroveň vaší kognice
- Umělá inteligence v mozkovém implantátu pomáhá muži po mrtvici s dvojjazyčnou konverzací
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Methylsulfonylmethane increases osteogenesis and regulates the mineralization of the matrix by transglutaminase 2 in SHED cells
- Oregano powder reduces Streptococcus and increases SCFA concentration in a mixed bacterial culture assay
- The characteristic of patulous eustachian tube patients diagnosed by the JOS diagnostic criteria
- Parametric CAD modeling for open source scientific hardware: Comparing OpenSCAD and FreeCAD Python scripts
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy