From sea monsters to charismatic megafauna: Changes in perception and use of large marine animals
Autoři:
Carlotta Mazzoldi aff001; Giovanni Bearzi aff003; Cristina Brito aff004; Inês Carvalho aff005; Elena Desiderà aff001; Lara Endrizzi aff001; Luis Freitas aff008; Eva Giacomello aff009; Ioannis Giovos aff012; Paolo Guidetti aff002; Adriana Ressurreição aff009; Malcolm Tull aff014; Alison MacDiarmid aff015
Působiště autorů:
Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
aff001; CoNISMa (Interuniversitary Consortium of Marine Sciences), Rome, Italy
aff002; Dolphin Biology and Conservation, Cordenons, Italy
aff003; CHAM—Center for the Humanities, NOVA FCSH/Uaç, Lisbon, Portugal
aff004; Associação para as Ciências do Mar, APCM, Lisbon, Portugal
aff005; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, IGC, Oeiras, Portugal
aff006; Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Nice, France
aff007; Museu da Baleia da Madeira, Caniçal, Madeira, Portugal
aff008; MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Horta, Portugal
aff009; IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Horta, Portugal
aff010; OKEANOS Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
aff011; iSea, Environmental Organisation for the Preservation of the Aquatic Ecosystems, Greece
aff012; CCMAR Centre of Marine Sciences, Faro, Portugal
aff013; Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
aff014; NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand
aff015
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Collection Review
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226810
Souhrn
Marine megafauna has always elicited contrasting feelings. In the past, large marine animals were often depicted as fantastic mythological creatures and dangerous monsters, while also arousing human curiosity. Marine megafauna has been a valuable resource to exploit, leading to the collapse of populations and local extinctions. In addition, some species have been perceived as competitors of fishers for marine resources and were often actively culled. Since the 1970s, there has been a change in the perception and use of megafauna. The growth of marine tourism, increasingly oriented towards the observation of wildlife, has driven a shift from extractive to non-extractive use, supporting the conservation of at least some species of marine megafauna. In this paper, we review and compare the changes in the perception and use of three megafaunal groups, cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers, with a special focus on European cultures. We highlight the main drivers and the timing of these changes, compare different taxonomic groups and species, and highlight the implications for management and conservation. One of the main drivers of the shift in perception, shared by all the three groups of megafauna, has been a general increase in curiosity towards wildlife, stimulated inter alia by documentaries (from the early 1970s onwards), and also promoted by easy access to scuba diving. At the same time, environmental campaigns have been developed to raise public awareness regarding marine wildlife, especially cetaceans, a process greatly facilitated by the rise of Internet and the World Wide Web. Currently, all the three groups (cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers) may represent valuable resources for ecotourism. Strikingly, the economic value of live specimens may exceed their value for human consumption. A further change in perception involving all the three groups is related to a growing understanding and appreciation of their key ecological role. The shift from extractive to non-extractive use has the potential for promoting species conservation and local economic growth. However, the change in use may not benefit the original stakeholders (e.g. fishers or whalers) and there may therefore be a case for providing compensation for disadvantaged stakeholders. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that even non-extractive use may have a negative impact on marine megafauna, therefore regulations are needed.
Klíčová slova:
Dolphins – Fisheries – Humpback whales – Large animals – Marine conservation – Right whales – Sharks – Sperm whales
Zdroje
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