Genotype imputation using the Positional Burrows Wheeler Transform

English version

Autoři: Simone Rubinacci ^aff001; Olivier Delaneau ^aff001; Jonathan Marchini ^aff003
Působiště autorů: Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ^aff001; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ^aff002; Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, New York, USA ^aff003
Vyšlo v časopise: Genotype imputation using the Positional Burrows Wheeler Transform. PLoS Genet 16(11): e1009049. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009049
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009049

Souhrn

Genotype imputation is the process of predicting unobserved genotypes in a sample of individuals using a reference panel of haplotypes. In the last 10 years reference panels have increased in size by more than 100 fold. Increasing reference panel size improves accuracy of markers with low minor allele frequencies but poses ever increasing computational challenges for imputation methods. Here we present IMPUTE5, a genotype imputation method that can scale to reference panels with millions of samples. This method continues to refine the observation made in the IMPUTE2 method, that accuracy is optimized via use of a custom subset of haplotypes when imputing each individual. It achieves fast, accurate, and memory-efficient imputation by selecting haplotypes using the Positional Burrows Wheeler Transform (PBWT). By using the PBWT data structure at genotyped markers, IMPUTE5 identifies locally best matching haplotypes and long identical by state segments. The method then uses the selected haplotypes as conditioning states within the IMPUTE model. Using the HRC reference panel, which has ∼65,000 haplotypes, we show that IMPUTE5 is up to 30x faster than MINIMAC4 and up to 3x faster than BEAGLE5.1, and uses less memory than both these methods. Using simulated reference panels we show that IMPUTE5 scales sub-linearly with reference panel size. For example, keeping the number of imputed markers constant, increasing the reference panel size from 10,000 to 1 million haplotypes requires less than twice the computation time. As the reference panel increases in size IMPUTE5 is able to utilize a smaller number of reference haplotypes, thus reducing computational cost.

Klíčová slova:

Algorithms – Consortia – Gene mapping – Genome-wide association studies – Genomics – Genotyping – Haplotypes – Hidden Markov models

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