Phytoplasma SAP11 effector destabilization of TCP transcription factors differentially impact development and defence of Arabidopsis versus maize
Autoři:
Pascal Pecher aff001; Gabriele Moro aff001; Maria Cristina Canale aff001; Sylvain Capdevielle aff001; Archana Singh aff001; Allyson MacLean aff001; Akiko Sugio aff001; Chih-Horng Kuo aff003; Joao R. S. Lopes aff002; Saskia A. Hogenhout aff001
Působiště autorů:
John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
aff001; Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
aff002; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
Phytoplasma SAP11 effector destabilization of TCP transcription factors differentially impact development and defence of Arabidopsis versus maize. PLoS Pathog 15(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008035
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008035
Souhrn
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted bacterial pathogens that colonize a wide range of plant species, including vegetable and cereal crops, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Phytoplasma-infected plants often show dramatic symptoms, including proliferation of shoots (witch’s brooms), changes in leaf shapes and production of green sterile flowers (phyllody). Aster Yellows phytoplasma Witches’ Broom (AY-WB) infects dicots and its effector, secreted AYWB protein 11 (SAP11), was shown to be responsible for the induction of shoot proliferation and leaf shape changes of plants. SAP11 acts by destabilizing TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1-CYCLOIDEA-PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors, particularly the class II TCPs of the CYCLOIDEA/TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (CYC/TB1) and CINCINNATA (CIN)-TCP clades. SAP11 homologs are also present in phytoplasmas that cause economic yield losses in monocot crops, such as maize, wheat and coconut. Here we show that a SAP11 homolog of Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma (MBSP), which has a range primarily restricted to maize, destabilizes specifically TB1/CYC TCPs. SAP11MBSP and SAP11AYWB both induce axillary branching and SAP11AYWB also alters leaf development of Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. However, only in maize, SAP11MBSP prevents female inflorescence development, phenocopying maize tb1 lines, whereas SAP11AYWB prevents male inflorescence development and induces feminization of tassels. SAP11AYWB promotes fecundity of the AY-WB leafhopper vector on A. thaliana and modulates the expression of A. thaliana leaf defence response genes that are induced by this leafhopper, in contrast to SAP11MBSP. Neither of the SAP11 effectors promote fecundity of AY-WB and MBSP leafhopper vectors on maize. These data provide evidence that class II TCPs have overlapping but also distinct roles in regulating development and defence in a dicot and a monocot plant species that is likely to shape SAP11 effector evolution depending on the phytoplasma host range.
Klíčová slova:
Arabidopsis thaliana – Flowering plants – Genetically modified plants – Leaves – Maize – Sequence alignment – Transcription factors – Phytoplasmas
Zdroje
1. Weisburg WG, Tully JG, Rose DL, Petzel JP, Oyaizu H, Yang D, et al. A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. Journal of Bacteriology. 1989;171(12):6455–67. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.12.6455-6467.1989 2592342
2. Gundersen DE, Lee IM, Rehner SA, Davis RE, Kingsbury DT. Phylogeny of mycoplasmalike organisms (Phytoplasmas): a basis for their classification. Journal of Bacteriology. 1994;176(17):5244–54. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.17.5244-5254.1994 8071198
3. Lee IM, Davis RE, Gundersen-Rindal DE. Phytoplasma: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2000;54:221–55. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221 11018129
4. Weintraub PG, Beanland L. Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Annu Rev Entomol. 2006;51:91–111. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039 16332205
5. Bertaccini A. Phytoplasmas: diversity, taxonomy, and epidemiology. Front Biosci. 2007;12:673–89. doi: 10.2741/2092 17127328
6. Hogenhout SA, Oshima K, Ammar el D, Kakizawa S, Kingdom HN, Namba S. Phytoplasmas: bacteria that manipulate plants and insects. Mol Plant Pathol. 2008;9(4):403–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00472.x 18705857
7. Sugio A, MacLean AM, Kingdom HN, Grieve VM, Manimekalai R, Hogenhout SA. Diverse targets of phytoplasma effectors: from plant development to defense against insects. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2011;49:175–95. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095323 21838574
8. Sugio A, Kingdom HN, MacLean AM, Grieve VM, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma protein effector SAP11 enhances insect vector reproduction by manipulating plant development and defense hormone biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(48):E1254–63. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105664108 22065743
9. MacLean AM, Orlovskis Z, Kowitwanich K, Zdziarska AM, Angenent GC, Immink RG, et al. Phytoplasma effector SAP54 hijacks plant reproduction by degrading MADS-box proteins and promotes insect colonization in a RAD23-dependent manner. PLoS Biol. 2014;12(4):e1001835. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001835 24714165
10. Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, et al. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(11):2799–811. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erx158 28505304
11. Sugio A, MacLean AM, Hogenhout SA. The small phytoplasma virulence effector SAP11 contains distinct domains required for nuclear targeting and CIN-TCP binding and destabilization. New Phytol. 2014;202(3):838–48. doi: 10.1111/nph.12721 24552625
12. MacLean AM, Sugio A, Makarova OV, Findlay KC, Grieve VM, Toth R, et al. Phytoplasma effector SAP54 induces indeterminate leaf-like flower development in Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol. 2011;157(2):831–41. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.181586 21849514
13. Orlovskis Z, Hogenhout SA. A bacterial parasite effector mediates insect vector attraction in host plants independently of developmental changes. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:885. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00885 27446117
14. Janik K, Mithofer A, Raffeiner M, Stellmach H, Hause B, Schlink K. An effector of apple proliferation phytoplasma targets TCP transcription factors-a generalized virulence strategy of phytoplasma? Mol Plant Pathol. 2017;18(3):435–42. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12409 27037957
15. Chang SH, Tan CM, Wu CT, Lin TH, Jiang SY, Liu RC, et al. Alterations of plant architecture and phase transition by the phytoplasma virulence factor SAP11. J Exp Bot. 2018;69(22):5389–401. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery318 30165491
16. Wang N, Yang H, Yin Z, Liu W, Sun L, Wu Y. Phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches' broom symptom by destabilizing the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1. Mol Plant Pathol. 2018;19(12):2623–34. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12733 30047227
17. Bai X, Zhang J, Ewing A, Miller SA, Radek AJ, Shevchenko DV, et al. Living with genome instability: the adaptation of phytoplasmas to diverse environments of their insect and plant hosts. J Bacteriol. 2006;188(10):3682–96. doi: 10.1128/JB.188.10.3682-3696.2006 16672622
18. Toruño TY, Music MS, Simi S, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout SA. Phytoplasma PMU1 exists as linear chromosomal and circular extrachromosomal elements and has enhanced expression in insect vectors compared with plant hosts. Mol Microbiol. 2010;77(6):1406–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07296.x 20662777
19. Chung WC, Chen LL, Lo WS, Lin CP, Kuo CH. Comparative analysis of the peanut witches'-broom phytoplasma genome reveals horizontal transfer of potential mobile units and effectors. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62770. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062770 23626855
20. Ku C, Lo WS, Kuo CH. Horizontal transfer of potential mobile units in phytoplasmas. Mob Genet Elements. 2013;3(5):e26145. doi: 10.4161/mge.26145 24251068
21. Lee IM, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Davis RE, Bottner KD, Marcone C, Seemuller E. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', a novel phytoplasma taxon associated with aster yellows and related diseases. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt 4):1037–48. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02843-0 15280267
22. Sugio A, Hogenhout SA. The genome biology of phytoplasma: modulators of plants and insects. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15(3):247–54. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.04.002 22542641
23. Nault LR, Delong DM. Evidence for co-evolution of leafhoppers in the genus Dalbulus (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) with maize and its ancestors. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1980;73(4):349–53.
24. Orlovskis Z, Canale MC, Haryono M, Lopes JRS, Kuo CH, Hogenhout SA. A few sequence polymorphisms among isolates of Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma associate with organ proliferation symptoms of infected maize plants. Ann Bot. 2017;119(5):869–84. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcw213 28069632
25. Gonzalez JG, Jaramillo MG, Lopes JRS. Undetected infection by maize bushy stunt phytoplasma enhances host-plant preference to Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Environmental entomology. 2018;47(2):396–402. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvy001 29438484
26. Navaud O, Dabos P, Carnus E, Tremousaygue D, Herve C. TCP transcription factors predate the emergence of land plants. J Mol Evol. 2007;65(1):23–33. doi: 10.1007/s00239-006-0174-z 17568984
27. Cubas P, Lauter N, Doebley J, Coen E. The TCP domain: a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth and development. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 1999;18(2):215–22.
28. Aggarwal P, Das Gupta M, Joseph AP, Chatterjee N, Srinivasan N, Nath U. Identification of specific DNA binding residues in the TCP family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2010;22(4):1174–89. doi: 10.1105/tpc.109.066647 20363772
29. Martin-Trillo M, Cubas P. TCP genes: a family snapshot ten years later. Trends Plant Sci. 2009;15(1):31–9. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.003 19963426
30. Howarth DG, Donoghue MJ. Duplications in Cys-like genes from Dipsacales correlate with floral form. Int J Plant Sci. 2005;166(3):357–70.
31. Efroni I, Blum E, Goldshmidt A, Eshed Y. A protracted and dynamic maturation schedule underlies Arabidopsis leaf development. Plant Cell. 2008;20(9):2293–306. doi: 10.1105/tpc.107.057521 18805992
32. Schommer C, Debernardi JM, Bresso EG, Rodriguez RE, Palatnik JF. Repression of cell proliferation by miR319-regulated TCP4. Mol Plant. 2014;7(10):1533–44. doi: 10.1093/mp/ssu084 25053833
33. Nicolas M, Cubas P. The role of TCP transcription factors in shaping flower structure, leaf morphology, and plant architecture. 2015:249–67.
34. Vadde BVL, Challa KR, Nath U. The TCP4 transcription factor regulates trichome cell differentiation by directly activating GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 2018;93(2):259–69.
35. Aguilar-Martinez JA, Poza-Carrion C, Cubas P. Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 acts as an integrator of branching signals within axillary buds. Plant Cell. 2007;19(2):458–72. doi: 10.1105/tpc.106.048934 17307924
36. Koyama T, Furutani M, Tasaka M, Ohme-Takagi M. TCP transcription factors control the morphology of shoot lateral organs via negative regulation of the expression of boundary-specific genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007;19(2):473–84. doi: 10.1105/tpc.106.044792 17307931
37. Gonzalez-Grandio E, Poza-Carrion C, Sorzano CO, Cubas P. BRANCHED1 promotes axillary bud dormancy in response to shade in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2013;25(3):834–50. doi: 10.1105/tpc.112.108480 23524661
38. Yang Y, Nicolas M, Zhang J, Yu H, Guo D, Yuan R, et al. The TIE1 transcriptional repressor controls shoot branching by directly repressing BRANCHED1 in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet. 2018;14(3):e1007296. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007296 29570704
39. Luo D, Carpenter R, Copsey L, Vincent C, Clark J, Coen E. Control of organ asymmetry in flowers of Antirrhinum. Cell. 1999;99(4):367–76. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81523-8 10571179
40. Doebley J., Stec A, Gustus C. teosinte branched1 and the origin of maize: evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics. 1995;141:333–46. 8536981
41. Studer AJ, Wang H, Doebley JF. Selection during maize domestication targeted a gene network controlling plant and inflorescence architecture. Genetics. 2017;207(2):755–65. doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300071 28754660
42. Nguyen Ba AN, Pogoutse A, Provart N, Moses AM. NLStradamus: a simple Hidden Markov Model for nuclear localization signal prediction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10:202. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-202 19563654
43. Lu YT, Li MY, Cheng KT, Tan CM, Su LW, Lin WY, et al. Transgenic plants that express the phytoplasma effector SAP11 show altered phosphate starvation and defense responses. Plant Physiol. 2014;164(3):1456–69. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.229740 24464367
44. Burdo B, Gray J, Goetting-Minesky MP, Wittler B, Hunt M, Li T, et al. The Maize TFome—development of a transcription factor open reading frame collection for functional genomics. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 2014;80(2):356–66.
45. Yilmaz A, Nishiyama MY Jr., Fuentes BG, Souza GM, Janies D, Gray J, et al. GRASSIUS: a platform for comparative regulatory genomics across the grasses. Plant Physiol. 2009;149(1):171–80. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.128579 18987217
46. Bai F, Reinheimer R, Durantini D, Kellogg EA, Schmidt RJ. TCP transcription factor, BRANCH ANGLE DEFECTIVE 1 (BAD1), is required for normal tassel branch angle formation in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(30):12225–30. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202439109 22773815
47. Chai W, Jiang P, Huang G, Jiang H, Li X. Identification and expression profiling analysis of TCP family genes involved in growth and development in maize. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2017;23(4):779–91. doi: 10.1007/s12298-017-0476-1 29158628
48. Hubbard L, McSteen P, Doebley J, Hake S. Expression patterns and mutant phenotype of teosinte branched1 correlate with growth suppression in maize and teosinte. Genetics. 2002;162(4):1927–35. 12524360
49. Brown PJ, Upadyayula N, Mahone GS, Tian F, Bradbury PJ, Myles S, et al. Distinct genetic architectures for male and female inflorescence traits of maize. PLoS Genet. 2011;7(11):e1002383. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002383 22125498
50. Hoshi A, Oshima K, Kakizawa S, Ishii Y, Ozeki J, Hashimoto M, Komatsu K, Kagiwada S, Yamaji Y, Namba S. A unique virulence factor for proliferation and dwarfism in plants identified from a phytopathogenic bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106(15):6416–21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813038106 19329488
51. Horn S, Pabón-Mora N, Theuß VS, Busch A, Zachgo S. Analysis of the CYC/TB1 class of TCP transcription factors in basal angiosperms and magnoliids. The Plant Journal. 2014;81(4):559–71.
52. Finlayson SA. Arabidopsis TEOSINTE BRANCHED1-LIKE 1 regulates axillary bud outgrowth and is homologous to monocot TEOSINTE BRANCHED1. Plant Cell Physiol. 2007;48(5):667–77. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcm044 17452340
53. Dong Z, Li W, Unger-Wallace E, Yang J, Vollbrecht E, Chuck G. Ideal crop plant architecture is mediated by tassels replace upper ears1, a BTB/POZ ankyrin repeat gene directly targeted by TEOSINTE BRANCHED1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(41):E8656–e64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1714960114 28973898
54. Gonzalez-Grandio E, Pajoro A, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Tarancon C, Immink RG, Cubas P. Abscisic acid signaling is controlled by a BRANCHED1/HD-ZIP I cascade in Arabidopsis axillary buds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(2):E245–E54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613199114 28028241
55. Niwa M, Daimon Y, Kurotani K, Higo A, Pruneda-Paz JL, Breton G, et al. BRANCHED1 interacts with FLOWERING LOCUS T to repress the floral transition of the axillary meristems in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2013;25(4):1228–42. doi: 10.1105/tpc.112.109090 23613197
56. Niwa M, Endo M, Araki T. Florigen is involved in axillary bud development at multiple stages in Arabidopsis. Plant signaling & behavior. 2013;8(11):e27167.
57. Maejima K, Iwai R, Himeno M, Komatsu K, Kitazawa Y, Fujita N, et al. Recognition of floral homeotic MADS domain transcription factors by a phytoplasmal effector, phyllogen, induces phyllody. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 2014;78(4):541–54.
58. Maejima K, Kitazawa Y, Tomomitsu T, Yusa A, Neriya Y, Himeno M, et al. Degradation of class E MADS-domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis by a phytoplasmal effector, phyllogen. Plant signaling & behavior. 2015;10(8):e1042635.
59. Palatnik JF, Edwards A, Wu X, Schommer C, Schwab R, Carrington JC, et al. Control of leaf morphogenesis by microRNAs. Nature. 2003;425. doi: 10.1038/nature01639
60. Schommer C, Palatnik JF, Aggarwal P, Chetelat A, Cubas P, Farmer EE, et al. Control of jasmonate biosynthesis and senescence by miR319 targets. PLoS Biol. 2008;6(9):e230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060230 18816164
61. Sarvepalli K, Nath U. Hyper-activation of the TCP4 transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerates multiple aspects of plant maturation. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 2011;67(4):595–607.
62. Danisman S, van der Wal F, Dhondt S, Waites R, de Folter S, Bimbo A, et al. Arabidopsis class I and class II TCP transcription factors regulate jasmonic acid metabolism and leaf development antagonistically. Plant Physiol. 2012;159(4):1511–23. doi: 10.1104/pp.112.200303 22718775
63. Zhang C, Ding Z, Wu K, Yang L, Li Y, Yang Z, et al. Suppression of Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Defense by Viral-Inducible MicroRNA319 Facilitates Virus Infection in Rice. Mol Plant. 2016;9(9):1302–14. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.014 27381440
64. Yang L, Teixeira PJ, Biswas S, Finkel OM, He Y, Salas-Gonzalez I, et al. Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopBB1 promotes host transcriptional repressor degradation to regulate phytohormone responses and virulence. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21(2):156–68. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.003 28132837
65. Jiao Y, Lee YK, Gladman N, Chopra R, Christensen SA, Regulski M, et al. MSD1 regulates pedicellate spikelet fertility in sorghum through the jasmonic acid pathway. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):822. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03238-4 29483511
66. Nakagawa T, Ishiguro S, Kimura T. Gateway vectors for plant transformation. Plant Biotech. 2009:275–84.
67. Grefen C, Donald N, Hashimoto K, Kudla J, Schumacher K, Blatt MR. A ubiquitin-10 promoter-based vector set for fluorescent protein tagging facilitates temporal stability and native protein distribution in transient and stable expression studies. The Plant journal: for cell and molecular biology. 2010;64(2):355–65.
68. Yoo SD, Cho YH, Sheen J. Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts: a versatile cell system for transient gene expression analysis. Nat Protoc. 2007;2(7):1565–72. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.199 17585298
69. Rossignol P, Collier S, Bush M, Shaw P, Doonan JH. Arabidopsis POT1A interacts with TERT-V(I8), an N-terminal splicing variant of telomerase. J Cell Sci. 2007;120(Pt 20):3678–87. doi: 10.1242/jcs.004119 17911168
70. Pecher P, Eschen-Lippold L, Herklotz S, Kuhle K, Naumann K, Bethke G, et al. The Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 target a subclass of 'VQ-motif'-containing proteins to regulate immune responses. New Phytol. 2014;203(2):592–606. doi: 10.1111/nph.12817 24750137
71. Logemann E, Birkenbihl RP, Ulker B, Somssich IE. An improved method for preparing Agrobacterium cells that simplifies the Arabidopsis transformation protocol. Plant Methods. 2006;2:16. doi: 10.1186/1746-4811-2-16 17062132
72. Hoagland DR, Arnon DI. The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. California Agri- cultural Experimental Station Circular 1950;347:1–39.
73. Kim D, Pertea G, Trapnell C, Pimentel H, Kelley R, Salzberg SL. TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome biology. 2013;14(4):R36. doi: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36 23618408
74. Anders S, Pyl PT, Huber W. HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 2015;31(2):166–9.
75. Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome biology. 2014;15(12):550. doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 25516281
76. Murtagh F, Legendre P. Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: which algorithms implement Ward’s criterion? Journal of Classification. 2014;31:274–95.
77. Grabherr MG, Haas BJ, Yassour M, Levin JZ, Thompson DA, Amit I, et al. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nature biotechnology. 2011;29(7):644–52. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1883 21572440
Štítky
Hygiena a epidemiologie Infekční lékařství LaboratořČlánek vyšel v časopise
PLOS Pathogens
2019 Číslo 9
- Perorální antivirotika jako vysoce efektivní nástroj prevence hospitalizací kvůli COVID-19 − otázky a odpovědi pro praxi
- Stillova choroba: vzácné a závažné systémové onemocnění
- Diagnostický algoritmus při podezření na syndrom periodické horečky
- Jak souvisí postcovidový syndrom s poškozením mozku?
- Diagnostika virových hepatitid v kostce – zorientujte se (nejen) v sérologii
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Is reliance on an inaccurate genome sequence sabotaging your experiments?
- The molecular clock of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Neutralization-guided design of HIV-1 envelope trimers with high affinity for the unmutated common ancester of CH235 lineage CD4bs broadly neutralizing antibodies
- HLA-B locus products resist degradation by the human cytomegalovirus immunoevasin US11