Legionella infection – a neglected problem

Česká verze

Authors: M. Salavec ¹; V. Boštíková ² ; P. Prášil ³; R. Sleha ²; M. Špliňo ²; P. Boštík ^3,4
Authors place of work: Klinika nemocí kožních a pohlavních, FN a LF UK, Hradec Králové ¹; Katedra epidemiologie, FVZ UO, Hradec Králové ²; Klinika infekčních nemocí, FN a LF UK, Hradec Králové ³; Centrum pokročilých studií, FVZ UO, Hradec Králové ⁴
Published in the journal: Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 63, 2014, č. 1, s. 43-49
Category: Souhrnná sdělení, původní práce, kazuistiky

Summary

Pathogenic species of the Legionella genus can cause respiratory diseases ranging in severity from benign Pontiac fever to life-threatening Legionnaires’ disease often characterized by severe pneumonia, high fever, and multiple organ involvement. Predisposing underlying conditions, such as immunosuppression, chronic lung disease, and malignancies and other variables such as smoking and higher age constitute high-risk factors. Legionalla has been isolated from natural aquatic habitats (freshwater streams and lakes, water reservoirs, etc.), artificial sources, and also from humid soil. These pathogens are distributed worldwide. Besides water reservoirs (surface and underground water, fresh and salt water), they occur in a wide range of technical devices and systems - water distribution systems, showers, pools, spa systems, perlators, foggy makers, irrigation systems with sprinklers, cooling towers, etc. About 20% of detected Legionella infections in Europe have been associated with travel history. Travel-associated cases present a particular difficulty in terms of identifying the source of infection and implementing remedial measures.

Keywords:
Legionella pneumophila – Legionnaires’ disease – Pontiac fever – nosocomial infections

Zdroje

1. Fraser D et al. Legionnaires disease description of an epidemic of pneumonia. New England J of Med, 1977;22:1189–1197.

2. Euzeby J P. List of Procaryotic Names with standing in nomenclature – genus Legionella. Dostupné na:

www.bacterio.cict.fr/l/legionella.html, 2010.

3. Fry NK et al. The use of 16S ribosomal RNA analysis to investigace the phylogeny of the family Legionellaceae. J of Gen Med, 1991;5: 1215–1222.

4. Joseph C. Surveillance of Legionnaires disease in Europe. In: Marre R et al. eds. Legionella. Washington DC: ASM Press; s. 311–320.

5. Jamilloux Y et al. Legionella. Legionnaires disease. Med Sci, 2012;28: 639–645.

6. Liu L et al. Expression and purification of Legionella pneumophila MIP protein and its application in serological diagnosis. Xi Bao Zu, 2013;6:577–580.

7. Brooks T et al. Detection and identification of Legionella species from groundwaters. J of Tox And Envronmental Health, part A. 67: 1845–1859.

8. Dournon E. Isolation of legionellae from clinical specimen. In: Harrison TG et al. A laborator manual for Legionella. London, UK: J. Wiley; 1988, s. 13–30.

9. Rowbotham TJ. Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J of Clin Pathology, 1980;33:1179–1183.

10. Harf C. et al. Interactions between free-loving amoebae and Legionella in the environment. Water Science and Technology, 1988;20:235–2339.

11. Decker BK et al. The role of water in healthcare-associated infectious. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2013;4:345–351.

12. Ohno A et al. Factor influencing survival of Legionella pneumophila serotyp 1 in hot spring water and tap water. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2003;69:2540–2547.

13. Stojek NM et al. Legionella and other gramnegative bacteria in portable water from variol rural and urban sources. 2006;13:323-35.

14. Kusnetsov JM et al. Growth, respiration and survival of Legionella pneumophila at high temperatures. J of Appl Bacteriology, 1996;81:341–347.

15. Votava M et al. Lékařská mikrobiologie speciální. Brno: Neptun; 2003.

16. Council Directive 98/83/ES on the quality of water intended for human consumption.1998.

17. European Guidelines: for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires Disease 2005, Endorsed by Committees for the Epidemiological Surveillance by Decision 2119/98/EC, 2000/96EC, London, 2005.

18. MZ, Věstník, č. 1, 2000.

19. MZ, Vyhláška č. 252/2004 Sb.

20. Ministerstvo obchodu a průmyslu, Vyhláška č. 194/2007 Sb.

21. Ministerstvo pro místní rozvoj, Vyhláška č. 137/1998 Sb.

22. Palusinska SM et al. Pathogenicity of the family Legionellaceae. Arch Immunol Ther Exp, 2009;57:279–290.

23. Akbas E et al. Legionnaires disease and pneumonia – beware the temptation to underestimate this exotic cause of infection. Postgraduate Medicine, 2001;109:135–147.

24. Allen KW et al. Legionella pneumonia from a novel industrial aerosol. Comm Dis In Public Health, 1999;2:294–296.

25. Atlas RM. Legionella, from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. Environmental Microbiology, 1999;1:283–293.

26. Bazovska S et al. Legionellosis. BLL, 1994;11:515–17.

27. Ricketts K et al. Travel associated Legionnaires disease in Europe. Eurosurveillance, 2004;9:5–6.

28. Byrne B et al. Expression of Legionella pneumophila virulence trans in response to growth conditions. Infection and Immunity, 1998;66:3029–3034.

29. CDC. Comprehensive plan for epidemiologic surveillance. Atlanta, GA, CDC; 1996.

30. EWGLI. Legionnaires disease in Europe. Epi And Infec, 2004;3:417–424.

31. EWGLI. European Guidelines for control and prevention of travel associated legionnaires disease. Dostupné na:

http://www.ewgli.org/public-info/publicinfo-european-guidelines.asp, 2005.

32. EWGLI. Launch of new Eurpean Guidelines for kontrol and preventiv of travel associated legionnaires disease. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 2002;6.

33. Ewig S et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Chest Med, 1999;20:575–587.

34. EWGLI. Travel associated legionnaires disease in Europe in 1999. Eurosurveillance Monthly Archives, 2001;6:53–60.

35. Reissig A et al.: Microbiological Diagnosis and antibiotic therapy in patiens with community-acquired pneumonia and acute COPD exacerbation in daily clinical practice. Lung, 2013;3:239–246.

36. www.szu.cz

37. Campem C et al. Notified case sof legionnaires disease in France in 2001. Eurosurveillance, 2002;7:121–128.

38. EWGLI. Travel associated Legionnaires disease in Europe, 2002. Eurosurveillance amonaly Archives, 2004;9.

39. Beaute J et al. Legionnaires disease in Europe, 2009–2010. EuroSurveill, 2013;18:10-15.

40. Carrwright R. How British tour operators contribute to prevention and control of travel associated Legionnaires disease in Europe. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 2000;4:3.

41. Lowry PW et al. Nosocomial legionellosis a review of pulmonary and extrapulmonary syndromes. Am J of Infect Control, 1993;21:21-7.

42. Howden BP et al. Treatment and outcome of 104 hospitalized patiens with Legionnaires disease. Internal Medicine Journal, 2003;33:484–488.

43. Karim A et al. Legionnaires disease associated with acute encefalitis and arrhythmia. Critical Care Medicine, 2002;30:1028–1029.

44. Jones TF et al. Epidemiologic investigation of a restaurant associated outbreak of Pontiac fever. Clin Inf Dis, 2003;37:1292–1297.

45. Mori M et al. An outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 7. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1995;69:646–653.

46. Nagington J et al. Pontiac fever and amoebae. Lancet, 1980;2:1241.

47. Templeton KE et al. Development and clinical evaluation of an internally controlled, single tube multiples real-time PCR assay for detection of legionella pneumophila and others Legionella species. J of Clin Microbiology, 2003;41:4016–4021.

48. Uldum SA et al. PCR as a routine method for diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. In: Marre R. et al. Legionella. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2002, p. 213–215.

49. Van Belkum A et al. Serotyping, ribotyping, PCR mediated ribosomal 16S-23S spací analysis and arbitrarily primed PCR for epidmeiological studies on Legionella pneumophila. Research in Microbiology, 1996;5:405–413.

50. Van der Zee AVH et al. Clinical validation of diagnosis of Legionella infection. In: Marre R et al. Legionella. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002, s. 189–192.

51. Goldberg DJ et al. Lochgoilhead fever. Lancet, 1989;1:316–318.

52. Yuregir OH et al. A decision support system for preventive Legionella disease. J Med Syst, 2010;5:874–881.

53. Kool JL. Control of Legionella in Drinking Water Systems: Impact of Monochloramine. Legionella. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2002, p. 411–418.

54. Kim BR et al. Literature Review – Efficacy of Various Desinfectants Against Legionella in Water Systems. Wat Res, 2002;18:4433–4444.

55. Stojek NM et al. Gram-Negative Bacteria in Water Distribution Systems of Hospitals. Ann Agric Environ Med, 2008;15:135–142.

56. Lin YS et al. Desinfection of Water Distribution Systems for Legionella. Semin Respir Infect, 1998;13:147–159.

57. Liu Z. Intermittent Use of Copper-Silver Ionization for Legionella Control in Water Distribution Systems: a Potential Option in Buildings Housing Individuals at Low Risk of Infection. Clin Infect Dis, 1998;26:138–140.

58. Liu Z. Efficaty of Ultraviolet Light in Preventing Legionella Colonization of a Hospital Water Distribution System. Water Res, 1995;29:2275–2280.