#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#
CS
proLékaře.cz / Journals / Journal of Czech Physicians / 2024 - 7-8

Harm reduction and tobacco smoking

Czech version

Authors: Viktor Mravčík
Published in: Čas. Lék. čes. 2024; 163: 282-292
Category: Review Article

Overview

The article provides a narrative review of the rationale, arguments and evidence for the effectiveness of harm reduction strategies in reducing tobacco smoking and its consequences and offers a summary for health policy and clinical practice. Tobacco smoking is a critical health determinant in developed countries, including the Czech Republic, reducing adult life expectancy by 1-2 years and draining about 10% of health spending.

Alternative products, i.e. products delivering nicotine other than in tobacco smoke, represent an opportunity to complement already implemented tobacco control measures. Their main benefit is the diversion of smokers away from conventional cigarettes towards less harmful forms of nicotine use. E-cigarettes, heated tobacco products or low-nitrosamine oral tobacco are approximately twenty times less harmful than conventional cigarettes and the risk of nicotine pouches is two to three orders of magnitude lower and reach the risk of nicotine replacement therapy or non-smokers.

Nicotine contributes to the risks of alternative products, but its harmfulness is much lower compared to the other constituents of tobacco smoke. Nicotine dependence remains its major risk, and the increasing use of alternative products is of particular concern in adolescent non-smokers. However, the best available evidence suggests that alternative products do not represent a gateway to smoking and that they are replacing smoking even in the part of the adolescent population that is vulnerable to experiments with nicotine. Alternative products are also proving effective in smoking cessation and can be offered during counselling in clinical practice as an alternative to smoking for those who are not ready to quit completely.

A balanced harm reduction strategy, including the supply and use of alternative products, represents an opportunity that can be a critical factor in curbing the tobacco epidemic.

Keywords:

tobacco, smoking, harm reduction, nicotine alternatives, health risks, smoking cessation

Sources
  1. How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2010.
  2. Dai X, Gakidou E, Lopez AD. Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: strengthening the evidence base for policy action. Tob Control 2022; 31: 129–137.
  3. Reitsma MB, Kendrick PJ, Ababneh E et al. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2–19: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet 2021; 397: 2337–2360.
  4. McNeill A, Simonavičius E, Brose L et al. Nicotine vaping in England: an evidence update including health risks and perceptions, 2022. A report commissioned by the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. King’s College London, 2022.
  5. Mravčík V, Chomynová P, Grohmannová K. Veřejnozdravotní význam užívání návykových látek. Hygiena 2019; 64: 21–6.
  6. Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL. Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction. Sci Adv 2019; 5: eaay9763.
  7. Goodchild M, Nargis N, Tursan D et al. Global economic cost of smoking–attributable diseases. Tobacco Control 2018; 27(1): 58.
  8. Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer 2004; 45: S3–S9.
  9. Banks E, Joshy G, Weber MF et al. Tobacco smoking and all–cause mortality in a large Australian cohort study: findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence. BMC Med 2015; 13: 38.
  10. Rentería E, Jha P, Forman D et al. The impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy between 1980 and 2010: a global perspective. Tobacco Control 2016; 25: 551.
  11. Hedrich D, Pirona A, Wiessing L. From margin to mainstream: the evolution of harm reduction responses to problem drug use in Europe. Drugs (Abingdon Engl) 2008; 15: 503–17.
  12. Russell MA. Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking. Brit Med J 1976; 1: 1430–3.
  13. Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM. Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev Med 2020; 140: 106099.
  14. Lindson-Hawley N, Hartmann-Boyce J, Fanshawe TR et al. Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10: CD005231.
  15. Mravčík V, Chomynová P, Grohmannová K a kol. Zpráva o tabákových, nikotinových a souvisejících výrobcích v České republice 2021. Úřad vlády ČR, Praha, 2021.
  16. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe. E-cigarettes: public health saviour or Trojan horse? Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 42: 100997.
  17. Glynn TJ, Hays JT, Kemper K. E-cigarettes, harm reduction, and tobacco control: a path forward? Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96: 856–862.
  18. Higgins ST. Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2020: some current challenges in tobacco control and regulatory science. Prev Med 2020; 140: 106287.
  19. Cummings KM, Ballin S, Sweanor D. The past is not the future in tobacco control. Prev Med 2020; 140: 106183.
  20. Zvolská K. Nikotinové sáčky – lék z trafiky? Hygiena 2021; 66: 137–140.
  21. Králíková E. Závislost na tabáku a e‑cigarety – čemu věřit? Remedia 2020; 3: 330–332..
  22. Lund KV, Vedøy TF. A conceptual framework for assessing the public health effects from snus and novel non-combustible nicotine products. Nordisk Alkohol Nark 2021; 38: 586–604.
  23. Palmer AM, Toll BA, Carpenter MJ et al. Reappraising choice in addiction: novel conceptualizations and treatments for Tobacco Use Disorder. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24: 3–9.
  24. Abrams DB, Glasser AM, Pearson JL et al. Harm minimization and tobaccoc: reframing societal views of nicotine use to rapidly save lives. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39: 193–213.
  25. Nutt DJ, Phillips LD, Balfour D et al. Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach. Eur Addict Res 2014; 20: 218–225.
  26. Beaglehole R, Bates C, Youdan B et al. Nicotine without smoke: fighting the tobacco epidemic with harm reduction. Lancet 2019; 394: 718–720.
  27. How to quit e-cigarettes? WHO, Ženeva, 2020. Dostupné na: www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/how-to-quit-e-cigarettes
  28. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. WHO, Ženeva, 2021. Dostupné na: www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032095
  29. Mravčík V. Dekriminalizace a chytrá regulace psychoaktivních látek – moderní alternativa prohibice. Čas Lék Čes 2023; 162: 231–237.
  30. Kozlowski LT. Ending versus controlling versus employing addiction in the tobacco–caused disease endgame: moral psychological perspectives. Tob Control 2013; 22 (Suppl. 1): i31–i32.
  31. Wodak A, Mendelsohn CP. The Australian approach to tobacco harm reduction is even more misguided than the US approach. Am J Public Health 2020; 110: 783–784.
  32. Eisenkraft Klein D, Hawkins B, Schwartz R. Understanding experts’ conflicting perspectives on tobacco harm reduction and e-cigarettes: an interpretive policy analysis. SSM Qual Res Health 2022; 2 (Suppl. 3): 100197.
  33. Harris N, Martin K, Martin W. Vaping: clearing the air. Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy, Houston, 2020.
  34. Shirane R, Smith K, Ross H et al. Tobacco industry manipulation of tobacco excise and tobacco advertising policies in the Czech Republic: an analysis of tobacco industry documents. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001248.
  35. Assunta M. Global Tobacco Industry Interference Index 2023. Global Center for Good Governance in Tobacco Control (GGTC), Bangkok, 2023.
  36. Zvolská K, Králíková E. Skutečnost a mýty tabákového průmyslu, jejich podstata a šíření. Hygiena 2020; 65: 158–166.
  37. Farsalinos K. Electronic cigarettes: an aid in smoking cessation, or a new health hazard? Ther Adv Resp Dis 2018; 12: 1753465817744960.
  38. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R et al. Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018: a report commissioned by Public Health England. Public Health England, London, 2018.
  39. Haswell LE, Gale N, Brown E et al. Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in exclusive users of electronic cigarettes and current, former, and never smokers. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18: 1359–1371.
  40. Travis N, Knoll M, Cook S et al. Chemical profiles and toxicity of electronic cigarettes: an umbrella review and methodological considerations. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2023; 20: 1908.
  41. Edmiston JS, Webb KM, Wang J et al. Biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of potential harm in adult smokers who switch to e-vapor products relative to cigarette smoking in a 24–week, randomized, clinical trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24: 1047–1054.
  42. Simonavicius E, McNeill A, Shahab L et al. Heat-not-burn tobacco products: a systematic literature review. Tob Control 2019; 28: 582–594.
  43. McCarthy A, Lee C, O’Brien D et al. Harms and benefits of e-cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products. A literature map. Health Research Board, Dublin, 2020.
  44. Drovandi A, Salem S, Barker D et al. Human biomarker exposure from cigarettes versus novel heat-not-burn devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22: 1077–1085.
  45. Lüdicke F, Ansari SM, Lama N et al. Effects of switching to a heat-not-burn tobacco product on biologically relevant biomarkers to assess a candidate modified risk tobacco product: a randomized trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28: 1934–1943.
  46. Gale N, McEwan M, Camacho OM et al. Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: a randomised trial. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16: 2201–2212.
  47. Tattan-Birch H, Hartmann-Boyce J, Kock L et al. Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 1: CD013790.
  48. Asplund K. Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 45: 383–394.
  49. Mallock N, Schulz T, Malke S et al. Levels of nicotine and tobacco–specific nitrosamines in oral nicotine pouches. Tob Control 2024; 33: 193–199.
  50. Travis N, Warner KE, Goniewicz ML et al. The potential impact of oral nicotine pouches on public health: a scoping review. Nicotine Tob Res 2024: ntae131.
  51. Tsolakos N, Haswell LE, Miazzi F et al. Comparative toxicological assessment of cigarettes and new category products via an in vitro multiplex proteomics platform. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12: 492–501.
  52. Yu F, Bishop E, Miazzi F et al. Multi-endpoint in vitro toxicological assessment of snus and tobacco–free nicotine pouch extracts. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2024; 895: 503738.
  53. Harber P, Saechao K, Boomus C. Diacetyl-induced lung disease. Toxicol Rev 2006; 25: 261–272.
  54. Fujioka K, Shibamoto T. Determination of toxic carbonyl compounds in cigarette smoke. Environ Toxicol 2006; 21: 47–54.
  55. Farsalinos KE, Kistler KA, Gillman G et al. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17: 168–174.
  56. Czogala J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B et al. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16: 655–662.
  57. Tattan-Birch H, Brown J, Jackson SE et al. Secondhand nicotine absorption from e-cigarette vapor vs tobacco smoke in children. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7: e2421246.
  58. Amalia B, Fu M, Tigova O et al. Exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic cigarettes at homes: a real-life study in four European countries. Sci Total Environ 2023; 854: 158668.
  59. Peruzzi M, Cavarretta E, Frati G et al. Comparative indoor pollution from glo, iqos, and juul, using traditional combustion cigarettes as benchmark: evidence from the randomized SUR-VAPES AIR trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 6029.
  60. Palmisani J, Di Gilio A, Palmieri L et al. Evaluation of second-hand exposure to electronic cigarette vaping under a real scenario: measurements of ultrafine particle number concentration and size distribution and comparison with traditional tobacco smoke. Toxics 2019; 7: 59.
  61. Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK. Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22: 143–155.
  62. Peterson L, Urban AM, Hecht SS. Carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke on the respiratory tract. In: McQueen CA (ed.). Reference module in biomedical sciences. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2010: 351–377.
  63. Zheng R, Wang S, Zhang S et al. Global, regional, and national lifetime probabilities of developing cancer in 2020. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68: 2620–2628.
  64. Creighton N, Perez D, Cotter T. Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in NSW, Australia, 1972–2008. Public Health Res Pract 2015; 25: e2531530.
  65. Li W, Xue X, Li D et al. Attributable fraction of tobacco smoking on selected cancer deaths in the past decade using mortality case-control study in Tianjin, China. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20: 75.
  66. Murkett R, Rugh M, Ding B. Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research 2022; 9: 1225.
  67. Aune D, Schlesinger S, Norat T et al. Tobacco smoking and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta–analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26: 279–288.
  68. Banks E, Joshy G, Korda RJ et al. Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study. BMC Medicine 2019; 17: 128.
  69. Thurgood SL, McNeill A, Clark-Carter D et al. A systematic review of smoking cessation interventions for adults in substance abuse treatment or recovery. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18: 993–1001.
  70. West R. Tobacco smoking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health 2017; 32: 1018–1036.
  71. Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34: 509–515.
  72. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43(10): 1731–1737.
  73. Zong H, Hu Z, Li W et al. Electronic cigarettes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological and biological links. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476: 875–888.
  74. Kennedy CD, van Schalkwyk MCI, McKee M et al. The cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review of experimental studies. Prev Med 2019; 127: 105770.
  75. Dai W, Shi J, Siddarth P et al. Effects of electronic cigarette exposure on myocardial infarction and no-reflow, and cardiac function in a rat model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2023; 28: 10742484231155992.
  76. Daiber A, Kuntic M, Oelze M et al. E-cigarette effects on vascular function in animals and humans. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475: 783–796.
  77. Skotsimara G, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E et al. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26: 1219–1228.
  78. Farfán Bajaña MJ, Zevallos JC, Chérrez-Ojeda I et al. Association between the use of electronic cigarettes and myocardial infarction in U.S. adults. BMC Public Health 2024; 24: 2110.
  79. Vindhyal MR, Ndunda P, Munguti C et al. Abstract P387: Comparing cardiovascular outcomes among smokers and e-cigarette users: a review from National Health Interview Surveys. Circulation 2019; 139 (Suppl 1): AP387.
  80. Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N et al. Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55: 455–461.
  81. Alzahrani T. Electronic Cigarette Use and Myocardial Infarction. Cureus 2023; 15: e48402.
  82. Sharma A, Gupta I, Venkatesh U et al. E-cigarettes and myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 371: 65–70.
  83. Chen C, Huo C, Mattey-Mora PP et al. Assessing the association between e-cigarette use and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of exclusive and dual use with combustible cigarettes. Addict Behav 2024; 157: 108086.
  84. Yacoub MI, Aslanoğlu A, Khraim F et al. Comparing e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes in relation to myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac aeath: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Res Nurs 2025; 27: 168–185.
  85. Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Lee PN. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11: 36.
  86. Lundbäck B, Lindberg A, Lindström M et al. Not 15 but 50% of smokers develop COPD? Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Studies. Respir Med 2003; 97: 115–22.
  87. Laniado-Laborín R. Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21(st) century. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2009; 6: 209–24.
  88. Wang L, Wang Y, Chen J et al. A Review of toxicity mechanism studies of electronic cigarettes on respiratory system. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 5030.
  89. Wills TA, Soneji SS, Choi K et al. E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: an integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. Eur Respir J 2021; 57: 1901815.
  90. Mughis M, Ahmad M, Rashid H et al. Assessment of respiratory health implications of vaping: a systematic review of toxicity mechanisms and adverse effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Cureus 2024; 16: e69236.
  91. Glantz SA, Nguyen N, Oliveira da Silva AL. Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJM Evid 2024; 3: EVIDoa2300229.
  92. Zanetti F, Sewer A, Scotti E et al. Assessment of the impact of aerosol from a potential modified risk tobacco product compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic oral epithelial cultures under different exposure regimens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115: 148–169.
  93. Feldman R, Stanton M, Suelzer EM. Compiling evidence for EVALI: a scoping review of in vivo pulmonary effects after inhaling vitamin E or vitamin E acetate. J Med Toxicol 2021; 17: 278–288.
  94. Belok SH, Parikh R, Bernardo J et al. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury: a review. Pneumonia (Nathan Qld) 2020; 12: 12.
  95. Seidenberg AB, Boynton MH, Brewer NT et al. Effects of modified risk tobacco product claims on consumer responses. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26: 435–443.
  96. Stephens WE. Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke. Tob Control 2018; 27: 10–17.
  97. Mayer B. How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88: 5–7.
  98. Sanner T, Grimsrud TK. Nicotine: carcinogenicity and effects on response to cancer treatment – a review. Front Oncol 2015; 5:196.
  99. Zahedi A, Phandthong R, Chaili A et al. Mitochondrial stress response in neural stem cells exposed to electronic cigarettes. iScience 2019; 16: 250–69.
  100. Lee HW, Park SH, Weng MW et al. E-cigarette smoke damages DNA and reduces repair activity in mouse lung, heart, and bladder as well as in human lung and bladder cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115: E1560–E5699.
  101. Naidu V, Zeki AA, Sharma P. Sex differences in the induction of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) in mouse lungs after e–cigarette vapor exposure and its relevance to COVID-19. J Investig Med 2021; 69: 954–961.
  102. Wang Q, Khan NA, Muthumalage T et al. Dysregulated repair and inflammatory responses by e–cigarette–derived inhaled nicotine and humectant propylene glycol in a sex–dependent manner in mouse lung. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1: 609–623.
  103. Wang Q, Sundar IK, Li D et al. E-cigarette–induced pulmonary inflammation and dysregulated repair are mediated by nAChR α7 receptor: role of nAChR α7 in SARS-CoV-2 Covid-19 ACE2 receptor regulation. Respir Res 2020; 21: 154.
  104. Espinoza-Derout J, Hasan KM, Shao XM et al. Chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein–E knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317: H445–H459.
  105. Stepanov I, Carmella SG, Han S et al. Evidence for endogenous formation of N'–nitrosonornicotine in some long-term nicotine patch users. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 99–105.
  106. Benowitz NL, Burbank AD. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26: 515–523.
  107. Vlachopoulos C, Ioakeimidis N, Abdelrasoul M et al. Electronic cigarette smoking increases aortic stiffness and blood pressure in young smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67: 2802–2803.
  108. Rezk-Hanna M, Warda US, Stokes AC et al. Associations of smokeless tobacco use with cardiovascular disease risk: insights from the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24: 1063–1070.
  109. Apelberg BJ, Onicescu G, Avila-Tang E et al. Estimating the risks and benefits of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in the United States. Am J Public Health 2010; 100: 341–348.
  110. Murray RP, Connett JE, Zapawa LM. Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancer? Evidence from the Lung Health Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 1076–1082.
  111. Nicotine without smoke. Tobacco harm reduction. Royal College of Physicians, London, 2016.
  112. Moore D, Aveyard P, Connock M et al. Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta–analysis. Brit Med J 2009; 338: b1024.
  113. Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking–induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 49: 57–71.
  114. Hong SW, Teesdale-Spittle P, Page R et al. A review of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in tobacco or tobacco smoke. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93: 163–72.
  115. Ritter A. Where is the pleasure? Addiction 2014; 109: 1587–1588.
  116. Lund KE, Saebo G. Challenges in legitimizing further measures against smoking in jurisdictions with robust infrastructure for tobacco control: how far can the authorities allow themselves to go? Harm Reduct J 2024; 21: 33.
  117. Newhouse PA. Therapeutic applications of nicotinic stimulation: successes, failures, and future prospects. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21: 345–348.
  118. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F et al. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance1. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 801–809.
  119. Alhowail A. Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23: 398.
  120. Schneider S, Diehl K. Vaping as a catalyst for smoking? An initial model on the initiation of electronic cigarette use and the transition to tobacco smoking among adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18: 647–653.
  121. O’Brien D, Long J, Quigley J et al. Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta–analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 954.
  122. Chan GCK, Stjepanović D, Lim C et al. Gateway or common liability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of adolescent e–cigarette use and future smoking initiation. Addiction 2021; 116: 743–756.
  123. Sun R, Méndez D, Warner KE. Association of electronic cigarette use by US adolescents with subsequent persistent cigarette smoking. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6: e234885.
  124. Delnevo CD. e-Cigarette and cigarette use among youth: gateway or common liability? JAMA Network Open 2023; 6: e234890.
  125. Gallus S, Stival C, McKee M et al. Impact of electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product on conventional smoking: an Italian prospective cohort study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tob Control 2024; 33: 267–270.
  126. Baenziger ON, Ford L, Yazidjoglou A et al. E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non–smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e045603.
  127. Vanyukov MM, Ridenour TA. Common liability to drug addictions: Theory, research, practice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123: S1–S2.
  128. Kozlowski LT, Warner KE. Adolescents and e-cigarettes: objects of concern may appear larger than they are. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174: 209–214.
  129. Kuwabara Y, Kinjo A, Fujii M et al. Comparing factors related to any conventional cigarette smokers, exclusive new alternative product users, and non-users among Japanese youth: a nationwide survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 3128.
  130. Watts C, Egger S, Dessaix A et al. Vaping product access and use among 14–17–year–olds in New South Wales: a cross-sectional study. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46: 814–820.
  131. Delnevo CD, Bover Manderski MT, Giovino GA. Youth tobacco use and electronic cigarettes. JAMA Pediatrics 2014; 168: 775–776.
  132. Watkins SL, Glantz SA, Chaffee BW. Association of oncigarette tobacco product use with future Cigarette Smoking Among Youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013–2015. JAMA Pediatrics 2018; 172: 181–187.
  133. Cheng HG, Largo EG, Gogova M. E-cigarette use and onset of first cigarette smoking among adolescents: An empirical test of the 'common liability' theory. F1000Res 2019; 8: 2099.
  134. Yoong SL, Hall A, Turon H et al. Association between electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems with initiation of tobacco use in individuals aged < 20 years. A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0256044.
  135. Beard E, Brown J, Shahab L. Association of quarterly prevalence of e–cigarette use with ever regular smoking among young adults in England: a time–series analysis between 2007 and 2018. Addiction 2022; 117: 2283–2293.
  136. Hallingberg B, Maynard OM, Bauld L et al. Have e-cigarettes renormalised or displaced youth smoking? Results of a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in England, Scotland and Wales. Tobacco Control 2020; 29: 207.
  137. Walker N, Parag V, Wong SF et al. Use of e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco in youth aged 14–15 years in New Zealand: findings from repeated cross-sectional studies (2014–19). Lancet Publ Health 2020; 5: e204–e12.
  138. Foxon F, Selya AS. Electronic cigarettes, nicotine use trends and use initiation ages among US adolescents from 1999 to 2018. Addiction 2020; 115: 2369–2378.
  139. Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cooper M et al. Tobacco product use among middle and high school students – United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71: 1429–1435.
  140. Selya AS, Foxon F. Trends in electronic cigarette use and conventional smoking: quantifying a possible 'diversion' effect among US adolescents. Addiction 2021; 116: 1848–1858.
  141. Laverty AA, Vardavas CI, Filippidis FT. Prevalence and reasons for use of heated tobacco products (HTP) in Europe: an analysis of Eurobarometer data in 28 countries. Lancet RegHealth Eur 2021; 8: 100159.
  142. Gallus S, Lugo A, Liu X et al. Use and awareness of heated tobacco products in Europe. J Epidemiol 2022; 32: 139–144.
  143. Noggle B, Ball KM, Vansickel AR. A reduced exposure heated tobacco product was introduced then abruptly taken off United States shelves: results from a tobacco harm reduction natural experiment. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21: 84.
  144. Ramström LM, Foulds J. Role of snus in initiation and cessation of tobacco smoking in Sweden. Tob Control. 2006; 15: 210–214.
  145. Lund I, Lund KE. How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 11705–11717.
  146. Vogel EA, Barrington-Trimis JL, Kechter A et al. Differences in young Adults’ perceptions of and willingness to use nicotine pouches by tobacco use status. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 2685.
  147. Mošovský J. Behaviorální aspekty bezdýmných orálních výrobků. Veřejná debata na téma harm reduction v kontrole tabáku. Hospodářská komora, Praha, 14. 3. 2022.
  148. Wang TW, Gentzke AS, Neff LJ et al. Disposable e-cigarette use among U.S. youth – an emerging public health challenge. N Engl J Med 2021; 384: 1573–1576.
  149. Tattan-Birch H, Jackson SE, Kock L et al. Rapid growth in disposable e–cigarette vaping among young adults in Great Britain from 2021 to 2022: a repeat cross–sectional survey. Addiction 2023; 118: 382–386.
  150. Tattan-Birch H, Brown J, Shahab L et al. Trends in vaping and smoking following the rise of disposable e-cigarettes: a repeat cross-sectional study in England between 2016 and 2023. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 42: 100924.
  151. Ngambo G, Hanna EG, Gannon J et al. A scoping review on e-cigarette environmental impacts. Tob Prev Cess 2023; 9: 30.
  152. Tosakoon S, Romm KF, Berg CJ. Nicotine pouch awareness, use and perceptions among young adults from six metropolitan statistical areas in the United States. Tob Prev Cessat 2023; 9: 19.
  153. Long L, Alalwan MA, Keller-Hamilton B et al. Perceptions of oral nicotine pouches & their marketing among Ohio Appalachia smokers and smokeless tobacco users. PLoS One 2023; 18: e0293597.
  154. Yingst JM, Lester C, Veldheer S et al. E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e–cigarette use is prohibited. Tob Control 2019; 28: 493–497.
  155. Ramamurthi D, Chau C, Jackler RK. JUUL and other stealth vaporisers: hiding the habit from parents and teachers. Tob Control 2018: tobaccocontrol-2018-054455.
  156. Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. Adolescents’ interest in trying flavoured e-cigarettes. Tob Control 2016; 25 (Suppl. 2): ii62.
  157. Goldenson NI, Leventhal AM, Simpson KA et al. A review of the use and appeal of flavored electronic cigarettes. Curr Addict Rep 2019; 6: 98–113.
  158. Meernik C, Baker HM, Kowitt SD et al. Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e031598.
  159. Notley C, Gentry S, Cox S et al. Youth use of e–liquid flavours—a systematic review exploring patterns of use of e-liquid flavours and associations with continued vaping, tobacco smoking uptake or cessation. Addiction 2022; 117: 1258–1272.
  160. Russell C, McKeganey N, Dickson T et al. Changing patterns of first e-cigarette flavor used and current flavors used by 20,836 adult frequent e-cigarette users in the USA. Harm Reduct J 2018; 15: 33.
  161. Pang B, Saleme P, Seydel T et al. The effectiveness of graphic health warnings on tobacco products: a systematic review on perceived harm and quit intentions. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 884.
  162. Akter S, Rahman MM, Rouyard T et al. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of population-level interventions to tackle smoking behaviour. Nature Hum Behav 2024; 8: 2367–2391.
  163. Taylor E, Arnott D, Cheeseman H et al. Association of fully branded and standardized e-cigarette packaging with interest in trying products among youths and adults in Great Britain. JAMA Network Open 2023; 6: e231799.
  164. Mays D, Long L, Alalwan MA et al. The effects of oral nicotine pouch packaging features on adult tobacco users’ and non-users’ product perceptions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 3383.
  165. Le Houezec J, McNeill ANN, Britton J. Tobacco, nicotine and harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011; 30: 119–123.
  166. Etter J-F. Commentary on Goniewicz et al. (2014): If wisely regulated, electronic cigarettes can make cigarettes obsolete. Addiction 2014; 109: 508–509.
  167. Králíková E, Ježek M. Elektronické cigarety. Čas lék čes 2012; 151: 208–210.
  168. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10: CD010216.
  169. Lindson N, Butler AR, McRobbie H et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 1: CD010216.
  170. Stop smoking options: guidance for conversations with patients. Public Health England, London, 2020. Dostupé na: www.gov.uk/government/publications/stop-smoking-options-guidance-for-conversations-with-patients
  171. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R et al. Vaping in England: an evidence update including vaping for smoking cessation. Public Health England, London, 2021. Dostupné na: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/602d076fe90e0709de875362/Vaping_in_England_evidence_update_February_2021.pdf
  172. Králíková E, Zvolská K, Štěpánková L a kol. Doporučení pro léčbu závislosti na tabáku. Čas lék čes 2022; 161: 33–34.
  173. Greenhalgh EM. 18.11 Cessation interventions to help people quit vaping. In: Greenhalgh EM, Scollo MM, Winstanley MH (eds.). Tobacco in Australia. Facts & Issues. Cancer Council Victoria, 2024. Dostupné na: www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au
  174. DeAtley T, Stone MD, Strasser AA et al. The role of IQOS risk perceptions on cigarette smoking behaviours: results from a prospective pilot study. Tob Control 2024; 33: 263–266.
  175. Stone MD, DeAtley T, Pianin S et al. Switching from cigarettes to IQOS: a pilot examination of IQOS–associated reward, reinforcement, and abstinence relief. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238: 109569.
  176. Lotrean ML, Trofor A, Radu-Loghin C et al. Awareness and use of heated tobacco products among adult smokers in six European countries: findings from the EUREST–PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30(Suppl 3): iii78–iii83.
  177. Queloz S, Etter JF. A survey of users of the IQOS tobacco vaporizer: perceived dependence and perceived effects on cigarette withdrawal symptoms. J Addict Dis 2021; 39: 208–214.
  178. Kale D, Tattan-Birch H, Brown J et al. Examining acute psychopharmacological effects of nicotine vaping versus heated tobacco products in a randomised crossover study of product naïve adult smokers. Sci Rep 2023; 13: 22676.
  179. Kale D, Brown J, Dawkins L et al. Comparing identity, attitudes, and indicators of effectiveness in people who smoke, vape or use heated tobacco products: A cross–sectional study. Addict Behav 2024; 151: 107933.
  180. Luk TT, Weng X, Wu YS et al. Association of heated tobacco product use with smoking cessation in Chinese cigarette smokers in Hong Kong: a prospective study. Tob Control 2021; 30: 653.
  181. Cruz-Jiménez L, Barrientos-Gutiérrez I, Vidaña-Pérez D et al. Heated tobacco product use frequency, smoking quit attempts, and smoking reduction among Mexican adult smokers. Tob Induced Dis 2024; 22: 90.
  182. Odani S, Tsuno K, Agaku IT et al. Heated tobacco products do not help smokers quit or prevent relapse: a longitudinal study in Japan. Tob Control 2024; 33: 472.
  183. Xia W, Li WHC, Luo YH et al. The association between heated tobacco product use and cigarette cessation outcomes among youth smokers: a prospective cohort study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 132: 108599.
  184. Lund KE, McNeill A, Scheffels J. The use of snus for quitting smoking compared with medicinal products. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12: 817–822.
  185. McNeill A, Etter J-F, Farsalinos K et al. A critique of a World Health Organization–commissioned report and associated paper on electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2014; 109: 2128–2134.
  186. Tamil Selvan S, Yeo XX, van der Eijk Y. Which countries are ready for a tobacco endgame? A scoping review and cluster analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12: e1049–e1058.
  187. Ollila H, Ruokolainen O, Laatikainen T et al. Tobacco endgame goals and measures in Europe: current status and future directions. Tob Control 2024: tc-2024-058606.
  188. Nip J, Thornley L, Schwartz R et al. Commercial tobacco endgame goals: early experiences from six countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26: 1322–1330.
  189. Puljević C, Morphett K, Hefler M et al. Closing the gaps in tobacco endgame evidence: a scoping review. Tob Control 2022; 31: 365.
  190. Wade S, Weber MF, Sarich P et al. Fifty-year forecasts of daily smoking prevalence: can Australia reach 5% by 2030? Tob Control 2024; 33: 641.
  191. Králíková E. Elektronické cigarety: přístup Australie a Velké Británie. Hygiena 2021; 66: 24–26.
  192. Gostin LO. Tobacco endgame: the poverty conundrum. Hastings Cent Rep 2014; 44: 10–11.
  193. Lee PN. Epidemiological evidence relating snus to health – an updated review based on recent publications. Harm Reduct J 2013; 10: 36.
  194. Foulds J, Ramstrom L, Burke M et al. Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tob Control 2003; 12: 349–359.
  195. Lee PN. Summary of the epidemiological evidence relating snus to health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59: 197–214.
  196. Etter J-F. E-cigarettes: methodological and ideological issues and research priorities. BMC Medicine 2015; 13: 32.
  197. West R. Electronic cigarettes: getting the science right and communicating it accurately. Addiction, 2014. Dostupné na: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/13600443/homepage/electronic_cigarettes.htm
  198. Plurphanswat N, Selya A, Rodu B. Questionable effects of electronic cigarette use on cardiovascular diseases from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, 2014–2021). Cureus 2024; 16: e57119.
  199. O’Leary R, Polosa R, Li Volti G et al. Critical appraisal of the European Union Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) Preliminary Opinion on electronic cigarettes. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18: 31.

   

Labels
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain management Dental Hygienist
Efficiency of health care in the Czech Republic in international comparison 2010–2021
Strategy for prevention of thromboembolic disease in urology
The decision-making on cost-inefficient care
Smoking in cars – unhealthy and hazardous
Young adult cancer patients in the Czech Republic: Is there a need for national guidelines?
My patient is taking a statin and is scheduled for surgery
Physical activity in spas – the key to prevention and health promotion
Nutrition and physical activity policies in population-based prevention of non-communicable diseases and their evaluation
Mental health of healthcare professionals in Czechia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
25 years of ISBER – an overview
Professor Viktor Guttmann – another forgotten laryngologist was born 145 years ago
Přednáškové večery spolku českých lékařů v Praze (březen 2025)
Úvodem
Za profesorem Miloslavem Rakovičem
Article was published in

Journal of Czech Physicians

Issue 7-8
2024 Issue 7-8
Download issue PDF
Most read in this issue
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#