Bleeding in portal hypertension

1. Šafka V. Portální hypertenze, patofyziologie portální hypertenze In: Hůlek P, Urbánek P (eds.). Hepatologie, 3. vydání. Praha: Grada 2018, 180–181.

2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018; 69: 406–460.

3. Fejfar T, Vaňásek T, Brůha R, et al. Léčba krvácení v důsledku portální hypertenze při jaterní cirhóze - aktualizace doporučených postupů ČHS ČLS JEP. Gastroent Hepatol 2017; 71: 105–116.

4. De Franchis R, Baveno VI. Faculty Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015 ;63: 743–752.

5. De Francis R et al. Portal hypertension IV: Proceedings of the Fourth Baveno International Konsensus Workshop. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006.

6. De Franchis R, et al. Portal Hypertension V: Proceedings of the Fifth Baveno International Consensus Workshop, 5th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell press. London; 2011.

7. North Italian Endoscopic Club for Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices. Prediction of the first variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicentre study. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 983.

8. D’Amico G, Pasta L, Morabito A et al. Competing risks and prognostic stages of cirrhosis: a 25-year inception cohort study of 494 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 1180–1193.

9. Augustin S, Muntaner L, Altamirano JT, et al. Predicting early mortality after acute variceal hemorrhage based on classification and regression tree analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1347–1354.

10. Carbonell N, Pauwels A. Sarfaty L, et al. Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40: 652–659.

11. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 11–21.

12. Bosch J, Thabut D, Albillos A et al. Recombinant factor VIIa for variceal bleeding in patients with advanced cirrhosis: A randomised, controlled trial. Hepatology 2008; 47: 1604–1614.

13. Bendtsen F, D´Amico G, Rusch E, et al. Effect of recombinant Factor VIIa on outcome of acute variceal bleeding: an individual patient based meta-analysis of two controlled trials. J Hepatol 2014; 61: 252–259.

14. Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D, et al. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1207–1212.

15. Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1655–1661.

16. Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, Tur-Kaspa R, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD002907.

17. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila FI, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 8: CD002907.

18. Hůlek P, Krajina A (eds.). Current Practice of TIPS. Hradec Králové: Published by Olga Štambergová 2001

19. Brůha R, Mareček Z, Procházka V, et al. Double-Blind Randomized Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 10-Day to 5.Day Terlipressin Treatment of Bleeding Esophageal Varices. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2009; 56: 390–394.

20. Merkel C, Gatta A, Bolognesi M, et al. Hemodynamic changes of systemic, hepatic and splenic circulation following triglycyl-lysin-vasopressin administration in alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 1103–1109.

21. Møller S, Hansen EF, Becker U, et al. Central and systemic haemodynamic effect of terlipressin in portal hypertensive patients. Liver 2000; 20: 51–59.

22. Ioannou G, Doust J, Rockey DC. Terlipressin for acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 1: CD002147.

23. Wells M, Chande N, Adams P. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1267–1278.

24. Yim SY, Seo YS, Jung CH, et al. Risk Factors for Developing Hyponatremia During Terlipressin Treatment: A Retrospective Analyses in Variceal Bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49: 607–612.

25. Cirera I, Feu F, Luca A, et al. Effects of bolus injections and continuous infusions of somatostatin and placebo in patients with cirrhosis: a double-blind hemodynamic investigation. Hepatology 1995; 22: 106–111.

26. Moitinho E, Planas R, Banares R et al. Multicenter randomised controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 712–718.

27. Vilanueva C, Planella M, Arycil C, et al. Hemodynamic effects of terlipressin and high somatostatin dose during acute variceal bleeding in nonresponders to the usual somatostatin dose. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 624–630.

28. Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY, et al. Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 2014; 60: 954–963.

29. Svoboda P, Konečný M, Martínek A, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis patients. Biomedical Papers 2012; 165: 266–270.

30. D'Amico G, Pietrosi G, Tarantino I, et al. Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a Cochrane meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1277–1291.

31. D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Pietrosi G, et al. Emergency sclerotherapy versus vasoactive drugs for variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients: a Cochrane meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 3: CD002233.

32. Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers JE, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal uppergastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1–46.

33. Lo GH, Lai KH, Cheng JS, et al. Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1101–1104.

34. Villanueva C, Piqueras M, Aracil C, at al. A randomized controlled trial comparing ligation and sclerotherapy as emergency endoscopic treatment added to somatostatin in acute variceal bleeding. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 560–567.

35. Vaňásek T. Endoskopické diagnostické a terapeutické metody. In: Hepatologie, 1. vydání. Praha: Grada Publishing 2010, 88–99.

36. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol 2014; 61: 642–659.

37. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology 2014; 60: 715–735.

38. Banares R, Albilos A, Rincon D, et al. Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 609–615.

39. Abraldes JG, Vilanueva C, Banares R, et al. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding treated with pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy. J Hepatol 2008; 48: 229–236.

40. D´Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003; 38: 599–612.

41. Cardenas A, Gines P, Uritz J, et al. Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and short-term prognosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 671–676.

42. Avgerinos A, Armonis A. Balloon tamponade technique and efficacy in variceal haemorrhage. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: (Suppl. 207): 11–16.

43. Zehetner J, Shamiyeh A, Wayand W, et al. Results of a new method to stop acute bleeding from esophageal varices: implantation of a self-expanding stent. Surg Endosc 2008; 22: 149–152.

44. Wright G, Lewis H, Hogan B, et al. A self-expanding metal stent for complicated variceal hemorrhage: experience at a single center. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 71–78.

45. Fejfar T, Šafka V, Jirkovský V, et al. Danišův jícnový stent v terapii varikózního krvácení. Gastroent Hepatol 2013; 67: 98–103.

46. Escorsell À, Pavel O, Cárdenas A, et al Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: A multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016; 63: 1957–1967.

47. Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Luketic VA, et al. Transjuglar intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 138–146.

48. Chau TN, Patch D, Chan YW, et al. “Salvage“ transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 981–987.

49. Krajina A, Hulek P, Fejfar T, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 35: 1295–1300.

50. Gluud LL, Krag A Banding ligation versus beta-blockers for primary prevention of oesophageal verices in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8: CD004544.

51. Drastich P, Lata J, Petrtýl J, et al. Endoscopic variceal band ligation compared with propranolol for prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding. Annals of Hepatology 2011; 10: 142–149.

52. Tripathi D, Hayes PC. Beta-blockers in portal hypertension: new developments and controversies. Liv Intern 2014; 34: 655–667.

53. Ohnishi K, Nakayama T, Saito M et al. Effects of propranolol on portal hemodynamics in patients with chronic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1985; 80: 132–135.

54. Mastai R, Bosch J, Navasa M, et al. Effects of alpha-adrenergic stimulation and beta­ -adrenergic blockade on azygos blood flow and splanchnic haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1987; 4: 71–79.

55. Sinagra E, Perricone G, D´Amico M, et. al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the haemodynamic effects of carvedilol compared with propranolol for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39: 557–568.

56. Akbas H, Ozden M, Kanko M, et al. Protective antioxidant effects of carvedilol in a rat model of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Int Med Res 2005; 33: 528–536.

57. Hamdy N, Demerdash E. New therapeutic aspect for carvedilol: antifibrotic effects of carvedilol in chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261: 292–299.

58. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2227–2236.

59. Lo GH, Chen WC, Wang HM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of variceal rebleeding. J Gastroentol Hepatol 2012; 27: 1681–1687.

60. Vlachogiannakos J, Goulis J, Patch D, et al. Review article: primary prophylaxis for portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 851–860.

61. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2254–2261.

62. Imperiale T, Chalasani N. A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2001; 33: 802–807.

63. Grace N, Lo GH, Nevens F, et al. Preventing rebleeding in 2010. In: De Franchis R et al. Portal Hypertension V: Proceedings of the Fifth Baveno International Consensus Workshop, 5th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell press. London 2044: 121–131.

64. Monescillo A, Martínez-Lagares F, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, et al. Influence of portal hypertension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2004; 40: 793–801.

65. Garcia-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2370–2379.

66. Garcia-Pagán JC, Di Pascoli M, Caca K et al. Use of early-TIPS for high-risk variceal bleeding: results of a post-RCT surveillance study. J Hepatol. 2013; 58: 45–50.

67. Lo GH, Lai KW, Cheng JS, et al. Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a prospective, randomised trial. Hepatology 2000; 32: 462–465.

68. De la Pena J, Brullet E, Sanchez-Hernández E, et al. Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophyla for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: a multicenter trial. Hepatology 2005; 41: 572–578.

69. Sersté T, Francoz C, Durand F, et al. Beta-blockers cause paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis and refraktory ascites: a cross-over study. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 794–799.

70. Sersté T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effect of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1017–1022.

71. Krag A, Wiest R, Albillos A, et al. The window hypothesis: haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effect of beta-blockers improve survival of patients with cirrhosis during a window in the disease. Gut 2012; 61: 967–969.

72. Ge PS, Runyon BA. The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2014; 60: 643–653.

73. Garcia-Tsao J, et al. AASLD Practice Guidelines. Prevention and Management of Gastroesophageal Varices and Variceal Hemorrhage in Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 922–938.

74. Ryan BM, Stockbrugger RW, Ryan JM. A Pathophy¬siologic, Gastroenterologic and radiologic Approach to the Managament of gastric Varices. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1175–1189.

75. Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP, et al. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1343–1349.

76. Sarin SK, Kumar A. Gastric varices: profile, classification and management. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 1244–1249.

77. Lo Gh, Lai Kh, Cheng JS, et al. A prospective randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1060–1064.

78. Tan PC, Hou MC, Lin HC, et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic treatment of acute gastric variceal haemorrhage: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation. Hepatology 2006; 43: 690–697.

79. Tripathi D, Therapondos G, Jackson E, et al. The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations. Gut 2002; 51: 270–274.