Clostridium difficile – a dangerous pathogenfor older patients

Overview

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is becoming a serious problem predominantly in geriatric patients who are a significant risk group. The goal of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of risk factors in seniors which lead to the CDI. The examined group consisted of 235 patients at age over 65 with confirmed diagnosis of CDI. For the diagnosis of CDI finding of toxins A and B in the stool of patients or autopsy confirmation were crucial. The group of geriatric patients with CDI consisted of 148 women (62,98 %) and 87 men (37,02 %). The risk factors comprised the cerebrovascular disease, dementia, presence of pressure ulcers and immobility. The study proved the MMSE test, ADL test, MNA-SF test and Charlson comorbidity index as a statistically important factor.

Key words:
Clostridium difficile – geriatric patient – antibiotic therapy – psedomebranous colitis

Introduction

The disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile (Clostridium difficile infection, CDI) is becoming a serious problem predominantly in geriatric patients who are a significant risk group ^{(1, 2)}. In recent years there have been epidemics of Clostridium difficile infection with severe course with increasing mortality, wherein its cause is the spread of a new, highly virulent strain of ribotype 027 /NAP1/ B1 which is characterized in a higher production of toxins and greater resistance to antibiotics⁽³⁾. The goal of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of risk factors in seniors which lead to the CDI disease and to achieve mortality reduction.

Methods

Our retrospective study were realised in patients with clostridium difficile infection, hospitalized at the Clinic of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Practical Medicine, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine and Brno Faculty Hospital, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013. Within the 6 years of monitoring were diagnosed altogether 258 patients with confirmed CDI, in the age group ranging from 45 to 105 years of age. The group of subjects excluded patients under the age of 65 (altogether 23 patients) and the risk factors were evaluated in the population older than 65 years, so the subsequently examined group of subjects consisted of 235 patients.

Finding of toxin A and B in faeces of patients was crucial for the diagnosis; in one female patient the finding of CDI was confirmed only after the autopsy by the finding of pseudomembranous colitis, and was subsequently confirmed by histological evidence.

In the first two years of the monitored period, to establish the CDI diagnosis in our group of patients, we used the proof of toxin A/B in the faeces by the diagnostic test on the principle of imunochromatography (Xpect, Remel, US), and in the year 2010 by establishing the A/B toxin on the principle of ELFA – “Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay” (miniVidas analyser, BioMérieux, France). Afterwards we proceeded to proving the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and C. difficile toxins by immunochromatography (Techlab, US).

The impact of comorbidity was in patients evaluated by the index of comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index, CCI), the impact of malnutrition by the scale for nutritional status assessment – by the shortened version (Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form test, MNA-SF), the effect of cognitive functions by the short scale of mental status (Mini Mental state examination, MMSE), the impact of patients’ functional fitness by the test activities of daily living by Barthel (Activities of Daily Living, ADL).

The results were processed using the statistical software Minitab 16 and were statistically processed on the 95 % confidence level.

Results

The group of geriatric patients with clostridium difficile infection consisted of 148 women (62,98 %) and 87 men (37,02 %), at the age between 65 and 105, of the average age 81,86 ± 7,24. In relation to mortality (p = 0,921), sex was not a statistically significant factor. It was found, that the incidence of the disease increased over the monitored period up to five times. The overall incidence in seniors in the age group of 65-84 years increased six times, and if we compare these two age groups, the increase in incidence in the age group under 65 was only double the initial results (graph 1, 2).

Polymorbidity of seniors in our group was high; each patient over the age of 65 suffered from 13,51±4,34 diseases on average. The proportion of each disease was then statistically considered in relation to morality of CDI affected seniors. There proved to be a significant difference between patients with cerebrovascular disease (p = 0,019) and patients with dementia. The impact of malignant diseases affected the mortality rate marginally (p = 0,057). Up to 64 patients (27,23 %) suffered from pressure ulcers and specifically this factor proved to be statistically important (p = 0,001).

Antibiotic therapy in anamnesis is considered the most significant risk factor. It was found that, from the overall number of 235 seniors over the age of 65 in our group, only 4,68 % did not use any antibiotics and the remaining 95,32 % used one or more antibiotics (graph 3). The difference between the group of the survivor and the deceased based on the number of risk antibiotics was statistically evaluated and it was found that the highest risk comes if seniors use altogether three risk ATBs (p = 0,02). The use of tetracycline (p = 0,001) and third generation cephalosporin (p = 0,02) has proved to be a risk ATB. Further was evaluated the effect of other risk medication, such as the proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids and cytostatics. However, neither of the groups proved a statistically significant difference: PPI(p = 0,109), corticosteroids (p = 0,329), cytostatics (p = 0,566).

A statistically significant difference was found between the group of the survivor and the deceased when comparing the leukocyte levels in the course of CDI (p = 0,005). While assessing other biochemical and haematological parameters, calcium levels, urea levels and CRP with respect to mortality measured within the course of CDI came out to be significant.

The study proved the MMSE test (p = 0,006), ADL test (p = 0,00),MNA-SF test (p = 0,010) and Charlson comorbidity index(p = 0,043) as a statistically important factor.

The examined group of patients experienced also the development of complications of CDI. Ileus was confirmed in 13 patients, peritonitis developed in 2 patients, and toxic megacolon was recorded in 2 patients. Pseudomebranous colitis was present in 12 patients, 4 of these cases were confirmed by autopsy. Out of 235 seniors over the age of 65 years, 207 patients (88,09 %) experienced their first episode of CDI a 28 patients (11,91 %) were experiencing recurrence of the disease. The most serious complication, the death caused by CDI appeared in 65 cases (27,66 %).

Discussion

Clostridium difficile infection is a serious disease complicating the antibiotic treatment in hospital environments. At the beginning of the 21.century, it is becoming a real threat for patients of predominantly senior age⁽⁴⁾. Its incidence has a rising trend. Rising incidence is confirmed by Zilberberg, who in a retrospective study evaluated the occurrence of clostridial infections between the years 2000 and 2005 based on the national register in the United States and found a 117 % increase within the 5year period. The largest proportion of incidence was in the group of the diseased older than 85 years. Within the group 18–44 let was this trend smaller⁽⁵⁾.

Our work also suggests an increasing incidence of the disease, wherein most endangered is the group of geriatric patients between 65 and 84 years of age, incidence in this age group increased six times. Statistically was found a significant difference between patients younger than 65 years of age and seniors over the age of 65 (p = 0,024), wherein there was no difference between individual seniors in the age group 65-84 let and over 85 years of age

(p = 0,193). With respect to mortality, sex was not a statistically significant factor (p = 0,921).

Also Miller in his study, which was conducted in Canada in 2005, confirms a more severe course of the infection in geriatric patients. This age predisposes the infected to a twofold increased mortality risk⁽⁶⁾.

Cober studied risk factors in seniors over the age of 80. It was a retrospective study conducted in Michigan in 2006 and leucocytosis and ischemic heart disease were detected as independent therapeutic failure factors⁽⁷⁾.

Also Raveh in his work confirms antibiotic medication in anamnesis as a significant risk factor (p<0,001), also the use of diuretics is assessed as risk (p <0.005). The average age of his patients was 68 ± 25 years (54 % of which were women)⁽⁸⁾.

Out of diseases, a statistically significant difference was confirmed in the vascular disease of the brain and dementia. Other monitored diseases did not have any statistically significant effect on mortality of our group (arterial hypertension (p = 0,261), chronic renal insufficiency(p = 0,062), coronary heart disease (p = 0,257), diabetes mellitus(p = 0,439), chronic heart failures (p = 0,089)).

It was interesting that no statistically significant difference was noted even in the group of seniors with intestinal disease.

In the study, MMSE test, ADL test, MNA-SF test and Charlson comorbidity index were proved to be statistically significant factors. This confirms the appropriateness of testing the geriatric population and underlines the significance of these tests.

Our examined group experienced also the development of CDI complications. The difference between the groups of survivor and deceased patients with the formation of pseudomembranous colitis (p = 0,001) was statistically confirmed, yet the difference was not confirmed in patients with developing ileus (p = 0, 74). Cober in his study of 70 seniors over the age of 80 from the year 2006 confirmed toxic megacolon in3 patients⁽⁷⁾. Pépin in his group confirms the development of CDI complications in u 40 % of patients⁽⁹⁾.

Mortality of the group was 27, 66. Vaishnavi states 25 % mortality in debilitated geriatric patients⁽¹⁰⁾. Also Zilberberg in his group of 278 critically ill patients confirms the differences in mortality between younger and geriatric patients. In his work he states that the 30day mortality in geriatric patients is by 68 % higher than in the younger group⁽¹¹⁾.

Conclusion

The increase in incidence of diseases caused by CDI often has lethal consequences for the geriatric population. It is therefor important to consider this significant disease, especially with regard to a typical patient, that is a polymorbid geriatric patient, often suffering from a number of comorbidities, such as the s cerebrovascular disease, malignancy, malnutrition, using antibiotics in the anamnesis. Prevention of the development of this infection is closely associated with the antibiotic use restriction, which should be administered only in cases of high suspicion or confirmed bacterial infection.

K. Bielaková, H. Matějovská-Kubešová,P. Weber, D. Weberová

Clinic of Geriatric Medicine and General Medicine,

The University hospital Brno

Masaryk University

MUDr. Katarína Bielaková

e-mail: bielakovak@seznam.cz

Promovala v roce 2003 na Fakultě všeobecného lékařství Univerzity v Bratislave. V roce 2009 absolvovala Interní kmen.
Druhou atestaci z geriatrie absolvovala v roce 2010. V současnosti pracuje jako asistentka na Klinice interní, geriatrie a praktického lékařství v Brně. Je studentkou postgraduálního studia na Masarykově universitě v Brně. Tématem její disertační práce je Clostridium difficile u geriatrických pacientů.