Important toxic and undesirable effects of medicaments in animals from the pharmacist’s viewpoint

1. Lascelles B. D. X., Court M. H., Hardie E. M., Robertson, S. A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2007; 34, 228–250.

2. Gfeller R. W., Messonnier S. P. Handbook of small animal toxicology and poisonings. 1st ed. St. Louis: MOSBY Inc. 1998; 405 p.

3. Cheng H. F., Harris R. C. Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Curr. Pharm. Design 2005; 11, 1795–1804.

4. Hsu W. H. (ed.) Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology. 1st ed. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell 2008; 550 p.

5. Campbell A., Chapman M. Handbook of poisoning in dogs and cats. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000; 272 p.

6. El Hajj I. I., Malik S. M., Alwakeel H. R., Shaikh O. S., Sasatomi E., Kandil H. M. Celecoxib-induced cholestatic liver failure requiring orthotopic liver transplantation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 15, 3937–3939.

7. Case J. B., Fick J. L., Rooney M. B. Proximal duodenal perforation in three dogs following deracoxib administration. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2010; 46, 255–258.

8. Borku M. K., Guzel M., Karakurum M. C., Ural K., Aktas S. Nimesulide-induced acute biliary tract injury and renal failure in a kitten: a case report. Vet. Med. 2008; 53, 169–172.

9. Poortinga E. W., Hungerford L. L. A case-control study of acute ibuprofen toxicity in dogs. Prev. Vet. Med. 1998; 35, 115–124.

10. Dunayer E. Ibuprofen toxicosis in dogs, cats, and ferrets. Veterinary Medicine 2004; 99, 580–586.

11. Richardson J. A., Balabuszko R. A. Ibuprofen ingestion in ferrets: 43 cases (January 1996-March 2000). J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2001; 11, 53–58.

12. Khan S. A., McLean M. K. Toxicology of frequently encoutered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract. 2012; 42, 289–306.

13. Court M. H. Acetaminophen UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in ferrets: species and gender differences, and sequence analysis of ferret UGT1A6. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2001; 24, 415–422.

14. Krishnaswamy S., Duan S. X., von Moltke L. L., Greenblatt D. J., Sudmeier J. L., Bachovchin W. W., Court M. H. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) glucuronidation in vitro: assay development, human liver microsome activities and species differences. Xenobiotica 2003; 33, 169–180.

15. Oaks J. L., Gilbert M., Virani M. Z., Watson R. T., Meteyer C. U., Rideout B. A., Shivaprasad H. L., Ahmed S., Chaudry A. J. I., Arshad M., Mahmood S., Ali A., Khan A. A. Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature 2004; 427, 630–633.

16. Hussain I., Khan M. Z., Khan A., Javed I., Saleemi M. K. Toxicological effects of diclofenac on four avian species. Avian Pathol. 2008; 37, 315–321.

17. Plumb D. C. (ed.) Veterinary Drug Handbook. 3rd ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press 1999; 750 p.

18. Allen A. L. The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat. Can. Vet. J 2003; 44, 509–510.

19. MacNaughton S. M. Acetaminophen toxicosis in a Dalmatian. Can. Vet. J 2003; 44, 142–144.

20. Roder J. D. Veterinary Toxicology. 1st ed. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann 2001; 403 p.

21. Gozalo A. S., Schwiebert R. S., Lawson G. W. Mortality associated with fenbendazole administration in pigeons (Columba livia). J. Amer. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2006; 45, 63–66.

22. Gary A. T., Kerl M. E., Wiedmeyer C. E., Turnquist S. E., Cohn L. A. Bone marrow hypoplasia associated with fenbendazole administration in a dog. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2004; 40, 224–229.

23. Tada Y., Fujitani T., Yoneyama M. Subchronic toxicity of thiabendazole (TBZ) in ICR mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1996; 34, 709–716.

24. Weber M. A., Terrell S. P., Neiffer D. L., Miller M. A., Mangold B. J. Bone marrow hypoplasia and intestinal crypt cell necrosis associated with fenbendazole administration in five painted storks. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2002; 221, 417–419.

25. Teruel M. T., Felipe A. E., Solana H. D., Sallovit J. M., Lanusse C. E. Placental and fetal toxicity of albendazol sulphoxide in Wistar rats. Vet. Hum.Toxicol. 2003; 46, 131–136.

26. Yoshimura H. Effect of oral dosing vehicles on the developmental toxicity of flubendazol in rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 2003; 17, 377–385.

27. El-Makawy A., Radwan H. A., Ghaly I. S., Abd El-Raouf A. Genotoxical, teratological and biochemical effects of anthelmintic drug oxfendazole Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in male and female mice. Reprod.Nutr. Dev. 2006; 46, 139–156.

28. Asteinza J., Camacho-Carranza R., Reyes-Reyes R. E., Dorado-Gonzales V., Espinoza-Aguirre J. J. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes by albendazole treatment in the rat. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000; 9, 31–37.

29. Baliharova V., Velik J., Savlik M., Szotakova B., Lamka J., Tahotna L., Skalova L. The effects of fenbendazole, flubendazole and mebendazole on activities of hepatic cytochromes P450 in pig. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 27, 85–90.

30. Price R. J., Scott M. P., Walters D. G., Stierum R. H., Groten J. P., Meredith C., Lake B. G. Effects of thiabendazole on some rat hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004; 42, 899–908.

31. Oh S. J., Park J., Lee M. J., Park S. Y., Lee J. H., Choi K. Ecological hazard assessment of major veterinary benzimidazoles: Acute and chronic toxicities to aquatic microbes and invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006; 25, 2221–2226.

32. Carlsson G., Patring J., Ulleras E., Oskarsson A.  Developmental toxicity of albendazole and its three main metabolites in zebrafish embryos. Reprod. Toxicol. 2011; 32, 129–137.

33. Hopper K., Aldrich J., Haskins S. C. Ivermectin toxicity in 17 collies. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2002; 16, 89–94.

34. Neff M. W., Robertson K. R., Wong A. K., Safra N., Broman K. W., Slatkin M., Mealey K. L., Pedersen N. C. Breed distribution and history of canine mdr1-1ΔΔ, a pharmacogenetic mutation that marks the emergence of breeds from the collie lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004; 101, 11725–11730.

35. Merola V., Khan S., Gwaltney-Brant S. Ivermectin toxicosis in dogs: a retrospective study. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2009; 45, 106–111.

36. Sharom F. J., Liu R., Qu Q., Romsicki Y. Exploring the structure and function of the P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter using fluorescence spectroscopic tools. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2001; 12, 257–266.

37. Yas-Natan E., Shamir M., Kleinbart S., Aroch I. Doramectin toxicity in a collie. Vet. Rec. 2003; 153, 718–720.

38. Geyer J., Klintzsch S., Meerkamp K., Wöhlke A., Distl O., Moritz A., Petzinger E. Detection of the nt230(del4) MDR1 mutation in White Swiss Shepherd dogs: case reports of doramectin toxicosis, breed predisposition, and microsatellite analysis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 30, 482–485.

39. Kenny P. J., Vernau K. M., Puschner B., Maggs D. J. Retinopathy associated with ivermectin toxicosis in two dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008; 233, 279–284.

40. Sutton N. M., Bates N., Campbell A. Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), London. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2007; 9, 335–339.

41. Anadon A., Martinez-Larranaga M. R., Martinez M. A. Use and abuse of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids in veterinary medicine. Vet. J. 2009; 182, 7–20.

42. Richardson J. A. Permethrin spot-on toxicoses in cats. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2000; 10, 103–106.

43. Boland L. A., Angles J. M. Feline permethrin toxicity: retrospective study of 42 cases. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2010; 12, 61–71.

44. Andrade S. F., Sakate M., Laposy C. B., Valente S. F., Bettanim V. M., Rodrigues L. T., Marcicano J. Effects of experimental amitraz intoxication in cats. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 2007; 59, 1236–1244.

45. Webster M. Product warning: Frontline. Aust. Vet. J. 1999; 77, 202.

46. Hainzl D., Cole L. M., Casida J. E. Mechanisms for selective toxicity of fipronil insecticide and its sulfone metabolite and desulfinyl photoproduct. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998; 11, 1529–1535.

47. Ohi M., Dalsenter P. R., Andrade A. J. M., Nascimento A. J. Reproductive adverse effects of fipronil in Wistar rats. Toxicol. Lett. 2004; 146, 121–127.

48. Tang J., Usmani K. A., Hodgson E., Rose R. L. In vitro metabolism of fipronil by human and rat cytochrome P450 and its interactions with testosterone and diazepam. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 2004; 147, 319–329.

49. Stark J. D., Vargas R. I. Toxicity and hazard assessment of fipronil to Daphnia pulex. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2005; 62, 11–16.

50. Stehr C. M., Linbo T. L., Incardona J. P., Scholz N. L. The developmental neurotoxicity of fipronil: notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Toxicol. Sci. 2006; 92, 270–278.

51. Bergin I. L., Taylor N. S., Nambiar P. R., Fox J. G. Eradication of enteric helicobacters in Mongolian gerbils is complicated by the occurrence of Clostridium difficile enterotoxemia. Comparative Med. 2005; 55, 265–268.

52. Keessen E. C., Gaastra W., Lipman L. J. A. Clostridium difficile infection in humans and animals, differences and similarities. Vet. Microbiol. 2011; 153, 205–217.

53. Hines R. S., Dickerson S. Pseudomembranous enteritis associated with ciprofloxacin and Clostridium-difficile in a penguin (Eudyptes-chrysolophus). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1993; 24, 553–556.

54. Baverud V., Gustafsson A., Franklin A., Aspan A., Gunnarsson A. Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Equine Vet. J. 2003; 35, 465–471.

55. Kiyomiya K., Matsuhita N., Matsuo S., Kurebe M. Cephaloridine-induced inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity in the mitochondria of cultured renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) as a possible mechanism of its nephrotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000; 167, 151–156.

56. Longstreth K. L., Robbins S. D., Smavatkul C., Doe N. S. Cephalexin-induced acute tubular necrosis. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24, 808–811.

57. Vaden S. L., Riviere J. E. Penicillins and Related β-Lactam Antibiotics. In: Adams HR ed. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8th ed. Ames, Iowa State University Press 2001.

58. Osborne C. A., Lulich J. P., Swanson L. L., Albasan H. Drug-induced urolithiasis. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Small Anim. Pract. 2008; 39, 55–63.

59. Trepanier L. A. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to sulphonamides: syndromes, pathogenesis and management. Vet. Dermatol. 1999; 10, 241–248.

60. Trepanier L. A. Idiosyncrastic toxicity associated with potentiated sulfonamides in the dog. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 27, 129–138.

61. Seelig D. M., Whittemore J. C., Lappin M. R., Myers A. M., Avery P. R. Goitrous hypothyroidism associated with treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a young dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008; 232, 1181–1185.

62. Vasilopulos R. J., Mackin A., Lavergne S. N., Trepanier L. A. Nephrotic syndrome associated with administration of sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim in a dobermann. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2005; 46, 232–236.

63. Noli C., Koeman J. P., Willemse T. A retrospective evaluation of adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations in dogs and cats. Vet.Quart. 1995; 17, 123–128.

64. Moalli M. R., Dysko R. C., Rush H. G., Chrisp C. E., Decoster J. L., Sweet K. A., Goldstein S. A. Oxytetracycline-induced nephrotoxicosis in dogs after intravenous administration for experimental bone labeling. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1996; 46, 497–502.

65. Brihoum M., Amory H., Desmecht D., Cassart D., Deleuze S., Rollin F. Descriptive study of 32 cases of doxycycline-overdosed calves. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010; 24, 1203–1210.

66. Drucker A. M., Rosen C. F. Drug-induced photosensitivity culprit drugs, management and prevention. Drug Saf. 2011; 34, 821–837.

67. Riond J. L., Riviere J. E., Duckett W. M., Atkins C. E., Jernigan A. D., Rikihisa Y., Spurlock S. L. Cardiovascular effects and fatalities associated with intravenous administration of doxycycline to horses and ponies. Equine Vet. J. 1992; 24, 41–45.

68. Schulz B. S., Hupfauer S., Ammer H., Sauter-Louis C., Hartmann K. Suspected side effects of doxycycline use in dogs – a retrospective study of 386 cases. Vet. Rec. 2011; 169, 229.

69. McGrotty Y. L., Knottenbelt C. M. Oesophageal stricture in a cat due to oral administration of tetracyclines. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2002; 43, 221–223.

70. Bissett S. A., Davis J., Subler K., Degernes L. A. Risk factors and outcome of bougienage for treatment of benign esophageal strictures in dogs and cats: 28 cases (1995–2004). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009; 235, 844–850.

71. Frowde P. E., Battersby I. A., Whitley N. T., Elwood C. M. Oesophageal disease in 33 cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2011; 13, 564–569.

72. Richardson J. A., Gwaltney-Brant S. M., Albretsen J. C., Khan S. A., Porter J. A. Clinical syndrome associated with zolpidem ingestion in dogs: 33 cases (January 1998–July 2000). J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2002; 16, 208–210.

73. Czopowicz M., Szalus-Jordanow O., Frymus T. Zolpidem poisoning in a cat. Aust. Vet. J. 2010; 88, 326–327.

74. Sartor L. L., Bentjen S. A., Trepanier L., Mealey K. L. Loperamide toxicity in a collie with the MDR1 mutation associated with ivermectin toxicity. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2004; 18, 117–118.

75. Hernandez J., Blot S. Loperamide poisoning in a Collie (in French). Point Veterinaire 2001; 32, 58+.

76. Hugnet C., Cadore J. L., Buronfosse F., Pineau X., Mathet T., Berny P. J. Loperamide poisoning in the dog. Vet. Hum.Toxicol. 1996; 38, 31–33.

77. Kim K. A., Chung J. G., Jung D. H., Park J. Y. Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004; 60, 575–581.

78. Flood A. A., Fitzgerald K. T. The poison-proof practice. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 2006; 21, 164–173.

79. Lai P., Coulson C., Pothier D. D., Rutka J. Chlorhexidine ototoxicity in ear surgery, part 1: review of the literature. J. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2011; 40, 437–440.

80. Lessa F. C. R., Aranha A. M. F., Nogueira I., Giro E. M. A., Hebling J., Costa C. A. S. Toxicity of chlorhexidine on odontoblast-like cells. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2010; 18, 50–58.

81. Xavier F. G., Kogika W. M., Spinosa H. D. Common causes of poisoning in dogs and cats in a Brazilian veterinary teaching hospital from 1998–2000. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 2002; 44, 115–116.

82. Kupper J., Naegeli H., Eser M. W. Common poisonings in the horse (in German). Prakt. Tierarzt 2010; 91, 492–498.