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Multimodal magnetic nanomaterials for diagnostics and therapy


Authors: Martin Vlk 1,2;  Veronika Valová 1,2;  Matěj Štíbr 1;  Zuzana Sobkuliaková 1;  Ján Kozempel 1
Authors‘ workplace: Katedra jaderné chemie, Fakulta jaderná a fyzikálně inženýrská, České vysoké učení technické v Praze 1;  Klinika nukleární medicíny a endokrinologie, Fakultní nemocnice v Motole, Praha, ČR 2
Published in: NuklMed 2022;11:22-31
Category: Review Article

Overview

Aim: Application of magnetic nanoparticles as multimodal materials for current diagnostics and therapy.

Introduction: Rapid developments in nanotechnology have facilitated the emergence of new nanomaterials. This trend is also associated with an increased interest in nano and micro systems consisting of magnetic carriers. By combining a magnetic vector with a biologically active substance, unique properties can be achieved which can be used in many areas of biotechnology and medicine. Issues description: The most common materials are magnetic nanoparticles synthesised of iron oxides. Currently, widely studied are superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, socalled SPIONs, which below a certain size range (1–20 nm) exhibit a single-domain character, which causes a phenomenon called superparamagnetism. In addition to particle size, surface properties are important. The surface size (in the order of 100 m2/g) allows its modification, which increases the biocompatibility of particles and reduces toxicity. Magnetic nanoparticles have considerable potential for use in biomedical applications, especially in the field of teranostics. At present, nanoparticle systems are studied mainly as contrast agents in MR imaging techniques, in positron emission tomography, or the conversion of magnetic energy into thermal energy can be used, which uses a method called hyperthermia. Other uses include separation, cell analysis, or cell labeling, which appear promising in imaging methods.

Conclusion: As shown, the application of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine is extensive. The primary challenge is the synthesis of these nanoparticles, and there are a number of processes that provide nanoparticles with different properties. Due to the nature of nanoparticles, the care must also be taken to stabilize them in order to prevent aggregation, and in the case of their use as carriers, it is also necessary to solve the problem of entrapment of the desired substance. These problems are still the subject of research, but despite these difficulties, magnetic nanoparticles are a potentially powerful tool for current diagnostics and therapy.

Keywords:

SPIONs – megnetism – hyperthermy


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