Conduct Disorders in Seven-year-old Children – Results of ELSPAC Study – 1. Co-morbidity
Authors:
L. Kukla 1; D. Hrubá 2; M. Tyrlík 3; H. Matějová 2
Authors‘ workplace:
Výzkumné pracoviště preventivní a sociální pediatrie LF MU, Brno
1; Ústav preventivního lékařství LF MU, Brno
2; Psychologický ústav FF MU, Brno
3
Published in:
Čas. Lék. čes. 2008; 147: 269-277
Category:
Original Article
Overview
Background.
The interest of experts in conduct disorders (CD) research is growing during the last two decades. The research areas include the diagnostics, ethiopathogenesis and treatment and also the co-morbidity, especially with the hyperkinetic syndrome incidence (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – ADHD). This paper intends to describe the conduct disorder occurrence and its other manifestations of divergence found during the investigation of children followed in the prospective longitudinal study ELSPAC in seven, respectively eight years of their age.
Methods and Results.
Data of 6100 seven-year-old children characterizing their behaviour was collected from mothers and attending physicians. In the school year during which this investigation phase took place 2518 of the children reached eight years of age and their behaviour, temperament and school results were also evaluated by their teachers. The children were divided into three groups according to the presence or absence of the symptoms, which characterize conduct disorders (found by physicians): „stubborn negativistic behaviour“, „inability to pay attention“, „aggressiveness“ and „inadequacy of reactions“. The presence of two of these symptoms was found in 3%, presence of all four symptoms in additional 1.4% of children. Parents and teachers more often indicated various symptoms of hyperactivity in children with conduct disorders.
Conclusions.
In almost 5% of the ELSPAC cohort children in seven years of their age those symptoms were diagnosed, which match the Conduct Disorder criteria and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) criteria. In agreement with similar studies these frequent co-morbidities were found: sleep disorders, psychomotor development disorders and laterality changes. The cognitive abilities evaluated by mothers and also teachers based on schoolwork results were more often worsened in children with conduct disorders. Various data indicating their worse social adaptability (which significantly disturbed the class) occurred more frequently in these children.
Key words:
conduct disorders, psychomotor development, ELSPAC, seven-year-old children, co‑morbidity.
Sources
1. Paclt, I., Zvolský, P., Florián, J.: Vývojové aspekty poruch chování u dětí a adolescentů. Čs. Pediat., 1999, 54, s. 237–240.
2. Malá, E.: Diagnostika poruch chování dle ICD-1. Čes. Slov. Psychiat., 1994, 90, s. 262–268.
3. Hamanová, J., Hellerová, P.: Syndrom rizikového chování v dospívání, 1. část. Čes.–slov. Pediat., 2000, 35, 6, s. 380–387.
4. Paclt, I., Florián, J.: Hyperaktivní porucha (ADHD): pokroky v kognitivním, neurobiologickém a genetickém výzkumu. Čs. Pediat., 1999, 54, s. 503–508.
5. Williams, Ch., Wright, J. B., Partridge, I.: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders – a review. Br. J. Gen. Practice, 1999, 49, s. 563–571.
6. Yoo, H. J., Kim, M., Ha, J. H. et al.: Biogenetic temperament and character and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children. Psychopatology, 2006, 39, s. 25–31.
7. Kean, B.: The risk society and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A critical social research analysis concerning the development and social impact of the ADHD diagnosis. Ethical Hum. Psychol. Psychiat., 2005, 7, s. 131–142.
8. Scabill, I., Schwab-Stone, M.: Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc. Clin. North Am., 2000, 9, s. 541–555.
9. Williams, Ch., Wright, J. B., Smith, R.: CHEAF – a multidisciplinary Pow Wow for children. Psychiatric. Bull., 1999, 23, s. 104–106.
10. Preston, A. S., Fennell, E. B., Bussing, R.: Utility of a CPT in diagnosis ADHD among a representative sample of high-risk children: A cautionary study. Child. Neuropsychology, 2005, 11, s. 459–469.
11. Shea, T., Fisher, B. E.: Self ratings of mood levels and mood varialibity as predictor of Junior 1-6 impulsivity and ADHD classroom behaviors. Pers. Individ. Diff., 1996, 20, s. 209–214.
12. Luby, J. L., Svakic, D. M., McCallum, K. et al.: The junior temperament and character inventory: preliminary validation of a child self-reported measure. Psychol. Rep., 1999, 84, s. 1127–1138.
13. Tillman, R., Geller, B., Crany, J. L. et al.: Temperament and character in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention deficit hyperactive and normal controls. J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 2003, 13, s. 531–543.
14. Downey, K. K., Stelson, F. W., Pomerlau, O. F., Giordani, B.: Personality differences related to smoking and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Subst. Abuse, 1996, 8, s. 129–135.
15. Schmeck, K., Poustka, F.: Temperament and disruptive behavior disorders. Psychopathology, 2001, 34, s. 159–163.
16. Barnea-Goraly, N., Menon, V., Eckert, M. et al.: White matter development during childhood and adolescence: A cross–sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cerebral Cortex, 2005, 15, s. 1848–1854.
17. Bussing, R., Gary, F. A., Masob, D. M. et al.: Child temperament, ADHD, and caregiver strain: exploring relationships in an epidemiological sample. J. Am. Adac. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2003, 42, s. 184–192.
18. Paclt, I., Koudelová, J., Křepelová, A. et al.: Biochemical markers and genetic research of ADHD. Neuroendocrinol. Lett, 2005, 26, s. 423–430.
19. Walitza, S., Renner, T. J., Dempfle, A. et al.: Transmission disequilibrium of polymorphic variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol. Psychiat., 2005, 10, s. 1126–1132.
20. Halperin, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Koda, V. H. et al.: Noradrenergic mechanisms in ADHD children with and without reading disabilities: a replication and extension. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36, s. 1688–1697.
21. Castellanos, F. X., Ella, J., Kruesi, M. J. et al.: Cerebrospinal monoamine metabolites in boys with attention – deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res., 1994, 52, s. 305–316.
22. Jensen, S. S., Martin, B. A., Cantwell, D. S.: Comorbidity in ADHD: Implications for research, practice and DSM-IV. J. Amer. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiat., 1997, 36, s. 1065–1079.
23. Fallone, G., Owens, J., Deane, J.: Sleepiness in children and adolescents: clinical implications. Sleep Med. Rev., 2002, 6, s. 287–306.
24. Smedje, H., Broman, J. E., Hetta, J.: Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioral difficulties in 635 children aged 6–16 years: a study based on parentęs perception. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2001, 10, s. 1–9.
25. Urschitz, M. S., Eitner, S., Guenther, A. et al.: Habitual snoring, intermittent hypoxia, and impaired behavior in primary school children. Pediatrics, 2004, 114, s. 1041–1048.
26. Gozal, D., Pope, D.: Snoring during early childhood and academic performance at ages thirteen to fourteen years. Pediatrics, 2001, 107, s. 1394–1399.
27. McLaughlin Grabtree, V., Ivanenko, A., Gozal, D.: Clinical and parental assessment of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders referred to a Pediatric Sleep Medicine Center. Clin. Pediatr., 2003, 42, s. 807–813.
28. Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., DuPaul, D. J.: Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorders: A review and research report. J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol., 1992, 20, s. 163–188.
29. Barkley, R. A.: Issues in the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Brain. Dev., 2003, 25, s. 77–83.
30. Pennington, B. F., Ozonoff, S.: Executive function and developmental psychopatology. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry, 1996, 37, s. 51–87.
31. Kashala, E., Elgen, I., Sommerfelt, K. et al.: Cognition in African children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr. Neurol., 2005, 33, s. 357–364.
32. Landgren, M., Kjellman, B., Gillberg, C.: Attention deficit disorder with developmental coordination disorders. Arch. Dis. Child., 1998, 79, s. 207–212.
33. Kadesjo, B., Gillbert, C.: Attention deficit and clumsiness in Swedish 7-year-old children. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 1998, 40, s. 796–804.
34. Burger, N., van der Meere, J.: Visual behavior of ADHD children during an attention test: An almost forgotten variable ADHD. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry, 2000, 41, s. 525–532.
35. Alonso, S. J., Navarro, E., Santana, C., Rodriguez, M.: Motor lateralization, behavioral despair, and dopaminergic brain asymetry after prenatal stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1997, 58, s. 443–448.
36. Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Marsh, W. L. et al.: Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1996, 53, s. 607–616.
37. Fride, W., Weinstock, M.: Prenatal stress increases anxiety related behavior and alters cerebral lateralization of dopamine activity. Life Sci, 1988, 42, s. 1059–1065.
38. Reid, H. M., Norvilitis, J. M.: Evidence for anomalous lateralization across domain in ADHD children as well as adults identified with the Wender Utah rating scale. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2000, 84, s. 311–316.
39. Obel, C., Hedegaard, M., Henriksen, T. B. et al.: Psychological factors in pregnancy and mixed–handedness in the offspring. Develop. Med. Child. Neurol., 2003, 45, s. 557–561.
Labels
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain management Dental HygienistArticle was published in
Journal of Czech Physicians
Most read in this issue
- Antley-Bixler syndrome or POR deficiency?
- Ten Years After the Latest Revision International Anatomical Terminology
- Effects of Mental Stress on the Health Status of the Accused during a Criminal Trial
- Medical Ethics and Ethicotherapy