Eyelid Schwannoma. A Case Report

Overview

In this case report, we describe a 53-year-old woman who presented with a slow-growing lower lid mass in her right eye. On gross examination, a remarkable lower lid bulging was noted. On palpation, a subcutaneous oval-shaped mass with a firm consistency, measuring about 2cm, was noted. The uncorrected visual acuities of the patient were 20/20 (by Snellen chart) bilaterally, and the examinations of the anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were unremarkable. On the orbital Computed Tomography scan of the patient, a solitary and homogenous solid globular mass with the same density of the brain tissue was obvious. The patient underwent surgical excision. Microscopic assessment of the lesion revealed a biphasic hypercellular area (Antoni A) and myxoid hypocellular areas (Antoni B), containing slender cells with tapered ends, interspersed with collagen fibers, consistent with a  diagnosis of schwannoma. In addition, some foci of nuclear palisading around the fibrillary process (Verocay bodies) could frequently be found throughout the highly cellular regions. Schwannomas rarely occur in the eyelids, but have clinical and paraclinical indicators which indicate the probable diagnosis. In conclusion, we suggest that eyelid schwannoma be considered as an element of the differential diagnoses list for subcutaneous lesions of the eyelid.

Keywords:

tumor – schwannoma – eyelid – mass

INTRODUCTION

The peripheral nervous system is enriched with neural crest-derived glial cells, known as Schwannoma cells (SCs) or Neurolemmocytes. In general, these cells participate in myelination, nourishment and regeneration of the peripheral nerves. Schwannoma cells may produce a sheath of myelin around a single thick nerve fiber (myelinating SCs), or simply wrap around the multiple thin nerve fibers (non-myelinating SCs) [1,2]. Excessive proliferation of schwannoma cells may lead to formation of the mostly benign and encapsulated tumors called Schwannoma or Neurilemmoma. The most common locations for the occurrence of  schwannomas are the head and neck, particularly those arising from the vestibulocochlear nerve and peripheral nerves in the extremities including brachial plexus and sciatic nerves. Eyelid schwannomas account for a rare site of these tumors. In this case report, we describe a case of eyelid schwannoma and also provide a summarized review of the clinical and paraclinical features of this unusual entity [1–4].

CASE PRESENTATION

A 53-year-old woman presented with a slow-growing lower lid mass in her right eye, starting from 1 year ago. She had no further complication of pain or reduced vision. She also denied any history of systemic diseases or previous surgeries. On gross examination, a remarkable lower lid bulging, associated with lower lid mechanical ptosis without cutaneous changes was apparent. On closer examination under a bright light, 2 vertical and engorged subcutaneous small vessels could be detected over the lesion.  On palpation, a subcutaneous oval-shaped mass with a firm consistency and measuring about 2cm was noted. The lesion was non-tender, but mobile in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The sensation of the lower lid was intact. The uncorrected visual acuities of the patient were 20/20 (by Snellen chart) bilaterally, and the examinations of the anterior and posterior segments of both eyes were unremarkable. Moreover, relative apparent pupillary deficit (RAPD) was negative and eye movements were unlimited. On the orbital Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the patient, a solitary and homogenous solid globular mass, with the same density of the brain tissue overlying the right lower orbital rim, with  extension toward the anterior face of the lower lid tarsus and margin was evident, lacking bone invasion or extension toward the orbital space (Figure 1).

The patient underwent excisional surgery with local sedation. A horizontal 2.5 cm incision was made with a 15.0 blade over the lesion. Subcutaneous dissection and hemostasis were performed by scissors and cauterization. An encapsulated smooth lesion was excised totally and sent for pathological investigation (Figure 2). The macroscopic evaluation of the lesion reported an encapsulated round gray mass, measuring 2×1.5×1.5 cm in cut sections, with an apparent homogenous grayish pattern with some foci of hemorrhage. On microscopic assessment of the lesion, a biphasic hypercellular area (Antoni A) and myxoid hypocellular areas (Antoni B), containing narrow, elongated and wavy cells with tapered ends interspersed with collagen fibers were obvious (Figure 3). In addition, some foci of nuclear palisading around the fibrillary process (Verocay bodies) could frequently be seen in highly cellular areas (Figure 4). Several sections of blood-filled small vessels were also evident. Fortunately, the post-op period of the patient was uneventful and no recurrences occurred after 1-year follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Schwannomas are most often characterized as encapsulated benign tumors, which have been reported as isolated tumors in the orbit, uvea, sclera and conjunctiva. However, they extremely rarely occur in the eyelids. These lesions usually arise sporadically and as a solitary, eccentric lesion from the related nerve in the 5^th and 6^th decades. Nonetheless, they can form in children as well, and involve both genders equally [4,7,10] The incidence of multiple tumors, either in the same location or different regions of the body, needs a systemic evaluation to assess precipitating genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis [5–12].

In the clinical appearance of eyelid schwannomas, the firm consistency due to a solid fibro-cellular content accompanied by smooth borders, owing to the capsular coverage, along with a gradual growth are the main diagnostic clues of these tumors. Nevertheless, there are some reports of small lid margin schwannomas which may mimic an eyelid papilloma or hydrocystoma in appearance [13–18]. Regarding the imaging features on CT scan, a well circumscribed and usually homogenous lesion without bony erosion is seen, as in our case. The lesions also show intense enhancement, which may be heterogeneous in larger ones. Adjacent bone remodeling may be present in some long-lasting cases. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lesions are isointense or hypointense in T₁ and hyperintense in T₂. Again, in MRI, with contrast, they enhance strongly, especially more in the periphery and less centrally [19].

Complications of eyelid schwannomas are usually related to mechanical ptosis, cosmetic effects and maybe visual obstruction [6–17]. Total excision of the tumor via surgery and, preferably with sparing of the capsular integration, is the mainstay of treatment. In terms of the microscopic appearance, alternative areas of high and low density of spindle-shaped cells are evident, which correspond to the histopathological terms of Antoni type A and Antoni type B, respectively (Figure 3). Furthermore, Verocay bodies constitute a characteristic finding, in which palisading of several nuclei are demonstrated around an acellular area (Figure 4). In cases with atypical microscopy, immunohistochemical staining for S-100 antigen will be addressed, which would be strongly stained positive in schwannomas.   

In conclusion, we suggest that eyelid schwannoma be considered as an element of the differential diagnoses list for subcutaneous lesions of the eyelid.

Ethics

The patient's consent for the anonymous reporting of her clinical information in the paper was obtained.

Sima Sheikhghomi MD.
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine,
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Karaj
3149779453 Iran
E-mail: sshaikhghomi@yahoo.com

The authors of the study declare that no conflict of interest exists in the compilation, theme and subsequent publication of this professional communication, and that it is not supported by any pharmaceutical company. The study has not been submitted to another journal and is not printed elsewhere, with the exception of congress summaries and recommended procedures.

Received: March 18, 2023
Accepted: June 15, 2023