Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011-2018: A population-based study
Autoři:
Adrienne Epstein aff001; Eran Bendavid aff002; Denis Nash aff003; Edwin D. Charlebois aff004; Sheri D. Weiser aff004
Působiště autorů:
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
aff001; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
aff002; Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
aff003; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
aff004
Vyšlo v časopise:
Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011-2018: A population-based study. PLoS Med 17(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003064
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003064
Souhrn
Background
Drought has many known deleterious impacts on human health, but little is known about the relationship between drought and intimate partner violence (IPV). We aimed to evaluate this relationship and to assess effect heterogeneity between population subgroups among women in 19 sub-Saharan African countries.
Methods and findings
We used data from 19 Demographic and Health Surveys from 2011 to 2018 including 83,990 partnered women aged 15–49 years. Deviations in rainfall in the year before the survey date were measured relative to the 29 previous years using Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data, with recent drought classified as ordinal categorical variable (severe: ≤10th percentile; mild/moderate: >10th percentile to ≤30th percentile; none: >30th percentile). We considered 4 IPV-related outcomes: reporting a controlling partner (a risk factor for IPV) and experiencing emotional violence, physical violence, or sexual violence in the 12 months prior to survey. Logistic regression was used to estimate marginal risk differences (RDs). We evaluated the presence of effect heterogeneity by age group and employment status. Of the 83,990 women included in the analytic sample, 10.7% (9,019) experienced severe drought and 23.4% (19,639) experienced mild/moderate drought in the year prior to the survey, with substantial heterogeneity across countries. The mean age of respondents was 30.8 years (standard deviation 8.2). The majority of women lived in rural areas (66.3%) and were married (73.3%), while less than half (42.6%) were literate. Women living in severe drought had higher risk of reporting a controlling partner (marginal RD in percentage points = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3, 4.6; p < 0.001), experiencing physical violence (marginal RD = 0.8, 95% CI 0.1, 1.5; p = 0.019), and experiencing sexual violence (marginal RD = 1.2, 95% CI 0.4, 2.0; p = 0.001) compared with women not experiencing drought. Women living in mild/moderate drought had higher risk of reporting physical (marginal RD = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2, 1.1; p = 0.003) and sexual violence (marginal RD = 0.7, 95% CI 0.3, 1.2; p = 0.001) compared with those not living in drought. We did not find evidence for an association between drought and emotional violence. In analyses stratified by country, we found 3 settings where drought was protective for at least 1 measure of IPV: Namibia, Tanzania, and Uganda. We found evidence for effect heterogeneity (additive interaction) for the association between drought and younger age and between drought and employment status, with stronger associations between drought and IPV among adolescent girls and unemployed women. This study is limited by its lack of measured hypothesized mediating variables linking drought and IPV, prohibiting a formal mediation analysis. Additional limitations include the potential for bias due to residual confounding and potential non-differential misclassification of the outcome measures leading to an attenuation of observed associations.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that drought was associated with measures of IPV towards women, with larger positive associations among adolescent girls and unemployed women. There was heterogeneity in these associations across countries. Weather shocks may exacerbate vulnerabilities among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Future work should further evaluate potential mechanisms driving these relationships.
Klíčová slova:
Adolescents – Africa – Drought – Emotions – Employment – Intimate partner violence – Rain – Socioeconomic aspects of health
Zdroje
1. Stanke C, Kerac M, Prudhomme C, Medlock J, Murray V. Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence. PLoS Curr. 2013;5. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 23787891
2. Phalkey RK, Aranda-Jan C, Marx S, Hofle B, Sauerborn R. Systematic review of current efforts to quantify the impacts of climate change on undernutrition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(33):E4522–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409769112 26216952
3. Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, et al. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet. 2009;373(9676):1693–733. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1 19447250
4. Marvel K, Cook BI, Bonfils CJW, Durack PJ, Smerdon JE, Williams AP. Twentieth-century hydroclimate changes consistent with human influence. Nature. 2019;569(7754):59–65. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1149-8 31043729
5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment report (AR5) observed climate change impacts database. Version 2.01. Palisades (NY): NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center; 2017.
6. US Agency for International Development, Famine Early Warning Systems Network. East Africa food security alert: poor performance of April rains brings major food security concerns in the Eastern Horn. Washington (DC): Famine Early Warning Systems Network; 2011.
7. US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service. El Niño drought reduces 2015/16 corn prospects in South Africa. Washington (DC): US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service 2016.
8. World Food Programme. As climate shocks intensify, UN food agencies urge more support for southern Africa’s hungry people. Rome: World Food Programme; 2019 [cited 2020 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.wfp.org/news/climate-shocks-intensify-un-food-agencies-urge-more-support-southern-africas-hungry-people.
9. Wheeler T, von Braun J. Climate change impacts on global food security. Science. 2013;341(6145):508–13. doi: 10.1126/science.1239402 23908229
10. Epstein A, Torres JM, Glymour MM, Lopez-Carr D, Weiser SD. Do deviations from historical precipitation trends influence child nutrition? An analysis from Uganda. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(11):1953–60. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwz179 31497852
11. Low AJ, Frederix K, McCracken S, Manyau S, Gummerson E, Radin E, et al. Association between severe drought and HIV prevention and care behaviors in Lesotho: a population-based survey 2016–2017. PLoS Med. 2019;16(1):e1002727. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002727 30640916
12. Burke M, Gong E, Jones K. Income shocks and HIV in Africa. Econ J. 2015;125(585):1157–89.
13. Cann KF, Thomas DR, Salmon RL, Wyn-Jones AP, Kay D. Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(4):671–86. doi: 10.1017/S0950268812001653 22877498
14. Smith LT, Aragao LE, Sabel CE, Nakaya T. Drought impacts on children’s respiratory health in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3726. doi: 10.1038/srep03726 24430803
15. Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Shai N. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):41–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60548-X 20557928
16. Ellsberg M, Jansen HA, Heise L, Watts CH, Garcia-Moreno C, WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team. Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study. Lancet. 2008;371(9619):1165–72. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60522-X 18395577
17. Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet. 2002;359(9314):1331–6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8 11965295
18. Campbell J, Jones AS, Dienemann J, Kub J, Schollenberger J, O’Campo P, et al. Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1157–63. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1157 12020187
19. Plichta SB, Abraham C. Violence and gynecologic health in women <50 years old. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(3):903–7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70323-x 8633666
20. Romito P, Molzan Turan J, De Marchi M. The impact of current and past interpersonal violence on women’s mental health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(8):1717–27. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.026 15686804
21. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, South African Medical Research Council. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
22. Hsiang SM, Burke M, Miguel E. Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science. 2013;341(6151):1235367. doi: 10.1126/science.1235367 24031020
23. Levy BS, Sidel VW, Patz JA. Climate change and collective violence. Annu Rev Public Health. 2017;38:241–57. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044232 28125385
24. von Uexkull N, Croicu M, Fjelde H, Buhaug H. Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(44):12391–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607542113 27791091
25. Gage AJ. Women’s experience of intimate partner violence in Haiti. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(2):343–64. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.078 15893051
26. Karamagi CA, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Heggenhougen K. Intimate partner violence against women in eastern Uganda: implications for HIV prevention. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:284. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-284 17116252
27. Jewkes R. Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. Lancet. 2002;359(9315):1423–9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08357-5 11978358
28. Zhang DD, Lee HF, Wang C, Li B, Pei Q, Zhang J, et al. The causality analysis of climate change and large-scale human crisis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(42):17296–301. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1104268108 21969578
29. Jacob B, Lefgren L, Moretti E. The dynamics of criminal behavior: evidence from weather shocks. J Hum Resour. 2007;42(3):489–527.
30. Barrios S, Strobl EA, Bertinelli L. Climatic change and rural–urban migration: the case of sub-Saharan Africa. J Urban Econ. 2006;60(3):357–71.
31. Hindin MJ, Christiansen CS, Ferguson BJ. Setting research priorities for adolescent sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(1):10–8. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.107565 23397346
32. Decker MR, Latimore AD, Yasutake S, Haviland M, Ahmed S, Blum RW, et al. Gender-based violence against adolescent and young adult women in low- and middle-income countries. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(2):188–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.003 25620301
33. Vyas S, Watts C. How does economic empowerment affect women’s risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence. J Int Dev. 2009;21(5):577–602.
34. Funk C, Peterson P, Landsfeld M, Pedreros D, Verdin J, Shukla S, et al. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations—a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Sci Data. 2015;2:150066. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.66 26646728
35. Lobell DB, Burke MB, Tebaldi C, Mastrandrea MD, Falcon WP, Naylor RL. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science. 2008;319(5863):607–10. doi: 10.1126/science.1152339 18239122
36. Uthman OA, Lawoko S, Moradi T. Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009;9:14. doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-9-14 19619299
37. VanderWeele T, Knol M. A Tutorial on interaction. Epidemiol Methods. 2014;3(1):33–72.
38. Mares D. Climate change and levels of violence in socially disadvantaged neighborhood groups. J Urban Health. 2013;90(4):768–83. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-9791-1 23435543
39. Anderson CA, Bushman BJ, Groom RW. Hot years and serious and deadly assault: empirical tests of the heat hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73(6):1213–23. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.73.6.1213 9418277
40. Rotton J, Cohn EG. Violence is a curvilinear function of temperature in Dallas: a replication. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;78(6):1074–81. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.6.1074 10870909
41. Miguel E. Poverty and witch killing. Rev Econ Stud. 2005;72(4):1153–72.
42. Mehlum H, Miguel E, Torvik R. Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany. J Urban Econ. 2006;59(3):370–88.
43. Diamond-Smith N, Conroy AA, Tsai AC, Nekkanti M, Weiser SD. Food insecurity and intimate partner violence among married women in Nepal. J Glob Health. 2019;9(1):010412. doi: 10.7189/jogh.09.010412 30774941
44. Tsai AC, Leiter K, Heisler M, Iacopino V, Wolfe W, Shannon K, et al. Prevalence and correlates of forced sex perpetration and victimization in Botswana and Swaziland. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(6):1068–74. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300060 21493950
45. Chilton MM, Rabinowich JR, Woolf NH. Very low food security in the USA is linked with exposure to violence. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(1):73–82. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013000281 23432921
46. Conroy AA, Cohen MH, Frongillo EA, Tsai AC, Wilson TE, Wentz EL, et al. Food insecurity and violence in a prospective cohort of women at risk for or living with HIV in the U.S. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(3):e0213365. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213365 30840700
47. Ribeiro-Silva Rde C, Fiaccone RL, Barreto ML, Santana ML, dos Santos SM, da Conceicao-Machado ME, et al. The association between intimate partner domestic violence and the food security status of poor families in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(7):1305–11. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015002694 26411418
48. Olson CM. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):521S–4S.
49. Nunes MA, Ferri CP, Manzolli P, Soares RM, Drehmer M, Buss C, et al. Nutrition, mental health and violence: from pregnancy to postpartum Cohort of women attending primary care units in Southern Brazil—ECCAGE study. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:66. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-66 20807429
50. Chambliss LR. Domestic violence: a public health crisis. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997;40(3):630–8. doi: 10.1097/00003081-199709000-00022 9328742
51. Miller CL, Bangsberg DR, Tuller DM, Senkungu J, Kawuma A, Frongillo EA, et al. Food insecurity and sexual risk in an HIV endemic community in Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(7):1512–9. doi: 10.1007/s10461-010-9693-0 20405316
52. Rademacher-Schulz C, Schraven B, Mahama ES. Time matters: shifting seasonal migration in Northern Ghana in response to rainfall variability and food insecurity. Clim Dev. 2014;6(1):46–52.
53. Murali J, Afifi T. Rainfall variability, food security and human mobility in the Janjgir-Champa district of Chhattisgarh state, India. Clim Dev. 2014;6(1):28–37.
54. Kelley CP, Mohtadi S, Cane MA, Seager R, Kushnir Y. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(11):3241–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421533112 25733898
55. Vives-Cases C, Gil-Gonzalez D, Ruiz-Perez I, Escriba-Aguir V, Plazaola-Castano J, Montero-Pinar MI, et al. Identifying sociodemographic differences in intimate partner violence among immigrant and native women in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Prev Med. 2010;51(1):85–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.03.017 20362609
56. Adanu RM, Johnson TR. Migration and women’s health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;106(2):179–81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.03.036 19539929
57. Carballo M, Grocutt M, Hadzihasanovic A. Women and migration: a public health issue. World Health Stat Q. 1996;49(2):158–64. 9050196
58. Krishnan S, Rocca CH, Hubbard AE, Subbiah K, Edmeades J, Padian NS. Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):136–43. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.026 19828220
59. Gage AJ, Thomas NJ. Women’s work, gender roles, and intimate partner violence in Nigeria. Arch Sex Behav. 2017;46(7):1923–38. doi: 10.1007/s10508-017-1023-4 28695296
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2020 Číslo 3
- S diagnostikou Parkinsonovy nemoci může nově pomoci AI nástroj pro hodnocení mrkacího reflexu
- Proč při poslechu některé muziky prostě musíme tančit?
- Chůze do schodů pomáhá prodloužit život a vyhnout se srdečním chorobám
- „Jednohubky“ z klinického výzkumu – 2024/44
- Je libo čepici místo mozkového implantátu?
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses
- An Integrative Adapt Therapy for common mental health symptoms and adaptive stress amongst Rohingya, Chin, and Kachin refugees living in Malaysia: A randomized controlled trial
- Fecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial
