Non-invasive blader cancer carcinoma – when should we start adjuvant intravesical instillation therapy and what to do in case of failure?

1. Národní onkologický registr čR.

2. Ro JY, Staerkel GA, Ayala AG. Cytologic and histologic features of superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 435–453.

3. Lee R, Droller MJ. The natural history of bladder cancer. Implications for therapy. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 1–13.

4. Oesterlinck W, van der Meijden A, Sylvester R et al. Guidelines on TaT1 (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancer. EAU guidelines 2006: 1–17.

5. Miladi M, Peyromaure M, Zerbib M et al. The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumors. Eur Urol 2003; 43: 241–245.

6. Kurth KH, Sylvester RJ. Prognostic Factors in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Tumors I. Clinical Prognostic Factors: A Review of the Experience of the EORTC Genito-Urinary Group, II. Biologic Prognostic Markers. European Urology Suplements 2007; 6(14): 789–799.

7. Oesterlinck, W, Lobel B, Jakse G et al. Guidelines on bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2002; 41: 105–112.

8. Millan-Rodriguez F, Chechile-Toniolo G, Salvador-Bayarri J et al. Primary superficial bladder cancer risk groups according to progression, mortality and recurrence. J Urol 2000; 164: 680–684.

9. Jones HC, Swinney J. Thiotepa in the treatment of tumours of the bladder. Lancet 1961; 2: 615–618.

10. Pycha A, Mian C, Hofbauer J et al. Does topical instillation therapy influence chromosomal aberrations in superficial bladder cancer? J Urol 1998; 159: 265–269.

11. Trasher JB, Crawford ED: Complications of intravesical chemotherapy. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 529–539.

12. Lamm DL, Riggs DL, Traynelis CL et al. Apparent failure of current intravesical chemotherapy prophylaxis to influence the long-term course of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the blader. J Urol 1995; 153: 1444–1450.

13. Ali-El-Dein B, El-Baz M, Aly ANM et al. Intravesical epirubicin versus doxorubicin for superficial bladder tumors (stages pTa and pT1). A randomized prospective study. J Urol 1997; 158: 68–74.

14. Sylvester RJ, Oesterlinck W, van der Meijden APOD. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decrease the risk of recurrence in patients with stage TaT1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinial trials. J Urol 2004; 171: 2186–2190.

15. Patterson AL, Greenberg RE, Weems L et al. Pilot study of the tolerability and toxicity of intravesical valrubicin immediately after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer. Urology 2000; 56: 232–235.

16. Tolley DA, Parmar MKB, Grigor KM et al. The effect of intravesical Mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer. A further report with 7 years follow-up. J Urol 1996; 155: 1233–1238.

17. Witjes JA, van der Heijden AG, Vriesema JL, Peters GJ, Laan A, Schalken JA. Intravesical gem­citabine: a phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study. Eur Urol 2004; 45: 182–186.

18. Serreta V, Galuffo A, Pavone C, Allegro R, Pavone-Macaluso M. Gemcitabine in intravesical treatment of Ta-T1 transitional cell carcinoma of bladder: a phase I-II study on marker lesions. Urology 2005; 65: 65–69.

19. Oesterlinck W, Kurth KH, Schroder F et al. A prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer genitourinary group randomized trial comparing transurethral followed by a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin or water in single stage Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1993; 149: 749–752.

20. Babjuk M, OesterlinckW, Sylvester R, Kaasinen E, Bohle A, Palou J. EAU guidelines on Ta T1 ( Non-muscle invasive) Bladder Cancer 2008: 1–22.

21. Bouffioux C, Kurth KH, Bono A et al. Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Results of 2 European organizations for research and treatment of cancer randomized trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin comparing early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. J Urol 1995; 153: 934–941.

22. Pawinski A, Sylvester R, Kurth KH et al. A combined analysis of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, and Medical Research council randomized clinical trials for the prophylactic treatment of stage TaT1 bladder cancer. J Urol 1996; 156: 1934–1941.

23. Holmgren I. La tuberculine et le BCG chez les cancereux. Schweiz MedWochenschr 1935; 65: 1203–1206.

24. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 1976; 116: 180-182.

25. Böhle A, Jocham D. Intravesical Imunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, facts,figures and results. Munchen, Jena: Urban&Fischer Verlag 2000: 48.

26. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer. A meta-analysis of the published results of randomised clinical trials. J Urol 2002; 168: 1964–1970.

27. Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent Ta T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. A randomised southwest oncology group study. J Urol 2000; 163: 1124–1129.

28. Shelley MD, Kynaston H, Court J et al. A systema­tiv review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection versus transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Br J Urol Int 2001; 88: 209–216.

29. Martinez-Pineiro JA, Leon JJ, Martinez-Pineiro L et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus doxorubicin versus thiotepa. A randomised prospective study in 202 patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1990; 143: 502–506.

30. Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED et al. A randomized trial of intravesical doxorubicin and immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guerin for transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1205–1209.

31. Böhle A, Jocham D, Bock PR. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer. A formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol 2003; 169: 90–95.

32. Ovesen H, Horn T, Steven K. Long-term eficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ. Relationship of progression to histological response and p53 nuclear acumulation. J Urol 1997; 157: 1655–1659.

33. O´Donnell MA. Treatment of Bacillus Calmette Guerin Failures in Patients with High-Risk Nonmuscle Invazive Bladder Cancer. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, Proceedings Book 2008: 55–56.

34. van der Heijden AG, Kiemeney LA, Gofrit ON et al. Preliminary European results of local microwave hypertermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2004; 46: 65–67.

35. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer. A prospective randomized study. J Urol 2003; 170: 777–782.

36. Glashan RW. A randomized controlled study of intravesical alpha-2b-interferon in carci-noma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1990; 144: 658–661.

37. Alcaraz A. Bladder Cancer. Highlights from 2006. Eur Urol Supl 6 2007: 737–744.

38. Ojea A, Nogueira JL, Solsona E et al. A Multicentre, Randomised Prospective Trial Comparing Three Intravesical Adjuvant Therapies for Inter­me­dia­te-Risk Superficial Bladder Cancer: Low-dose Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus Very Low-Dose Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13,5 mg) versus Mitomycon C. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 1398–1406.