Noninvasive diagnostics of liver diseases – imaging methods
Authors:
Karel Dvořák
Authors‘ workplace:
Oddělení gastroenterologie a hepatologie Krajské nemocnice Liberec, a. s.
Published in:
Vnitř Lék 2019; 65(9): 539-545
Category:
Overview
Introduction and spread of elastographical methods have changed clinical practice in hepatology substantially. Elastography is becoming more available and the field of non-invasive diagnostics of liver diseases keeps growing dynamically. New technologies and applications are being developed allowing non-invasive staging of liver diseases to much broader extent. Ultrasound based methods like transient elastography (TE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) are dominating the field of liver elastography. Both methods are able to distinguish advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis with high accuracy and in patients with all most common chronic liver diseases. A technically well performed examination and its interpretation in a clinical context are prerequisites for a valid diagnosis. TE also enables assessment of presence/severity of portal hypertension in patients with compensated chronic advanced liver disease. There are new methods under development and validation like an ultrasound-based liver fat content quantification, assessment of portal hypertension using elastography of the spleen or the use of elastography in the diagnostics of focal liver lesions.
Keywords:
elastography – liver diseases – non-invasive diagnostics – portal hypertension – ultrasound
Sources
- Barr RG, Ferraioli G, Palmeri ML et al. Elastography Assessment of Liver Fibrosis: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement. Radiology 2015; 276(3): 845–861. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015150619>.
- Ferraioli G, Wong VWS, Castera L et al. Liver Ultrasound Elastography: An Update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Guidelines and Recommendations. Ultrasound Med Biol 2018; 44(12): 2419–2440. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.008>.
- Jeong WK, Lim HK, Lee HK et al. Principles and clinical application of ultrasound elastography for diffuse liver disease. Ultrasonography 2014; 33(3): 149–160. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.14366/usg.14003>.
- Berzigotti A, Ferraioli G, Bota S et al. Novel ultrasound-based methods to assess liver disease: The game has just begun. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50(2): 107–112. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.11.019>.
- Friedrich-Rust M, Nierhoff J, Lupsor M et al. Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19(2): e212-e219. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2893.2011.01537.x>.
- Sporea I, Bota S, Gradinaru-Tascau O et al. Which are the cut-off values of 2D-Shear Wave Elastography (2D-SWE) liver stiffness measurements predicting different stages of liver fibrosis, considering Transient Elastography (TE) as the reference method? Eur J Radiol 2014; 83(3): e118-e122. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.12.011>.
- Dietrich CF, Bamber J, Berzigotti A et al. EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Liver Ultrasound Elastography, Update 2017 (Long Version). Ultraschall Med 2017; 38(4): e48. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0641–0076>.
- [European Association for Study of Liver; Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado]. EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol 2015; 63(1): 237–264. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.006>.
- Berzigotti A. Non-invasive evaluation of portal hypertension using ultrasound elastography. J Hepatol 2017; 67(2): 399–411. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.003>.
- de Franchis R. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015; 63(3): 743–752. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.022>.
- Augustin S, Pons M, Maurice JB et al. Expanding the Baveno VI criteria for the screening of varices in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2017; 66(6): 1980–1988. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.29363>.
- Scatarige JC, Scott WW, Donovan PJ et al. Fatty infiltration of the liver: ultrasonographic and computed tomographic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 1984; 3(1): 9–14. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.1984.3.1.9>.
- Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Itoh Y et al. The severity of ultrasonographic findings in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reflects the metabolic syndrome and visceral fat accumulation. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102(12): 2708–2715. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572–0241.2007.01526.x>.
- Kuroda H, Kakisaka K, Kamiyama N et al. Non-invasive determination of hepatic steatosis by acoustic structure quantification from ultrasound echo amplitude. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(29): 3889–3895. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3889>.
- Son JY, Lee JY, Yi NJ et al. Hepatic Steatosis: Assessment with Acoustic Structure Quantification of US Imaging. Radiology 2016; 278(1): 257–264. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015141779>.
- de Ledinghen V, Vergniol J, Capdepont M et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for the diagnosis of steatosis: a prospective study of 5323 examinations. J Hepatol 2014; 60(5): 1026–1031. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.018>.
- Kwok R, Choi KC, Wong GL et al. Screening diabetic patients for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements: a prospective cohort study. Gut 2016; 65(8): 1359–1368. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015–309265>.
- Mikolasevic I, Racki S, Zaputovic L et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular risk in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39(4): 308–314. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355808>.
- Orlic L, Mikolasevic I, Lukenda V et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)--is it a new marker of hyporesponsiveness to recombinant human erythropoietin in patients that are on chronic hemodialysis? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83(6): 798–801. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.012>.
- Singh S, Eaton JE, Murad MH et al. Accuracy of spleen stiffness measurement in detection of esophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12(6): 935–945. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.013>.
- Colecchia A, Colli A, Casazza G et al. Spleen stiffness measurement can predict clinical complications in compensated HCV-related cirrhosis: A prospective study. J Hepatol 2014; 60(6): 1158–1164. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.02.024>.
- Novelli PM, Cho K, Rubin JM. Sonographic Assessment of Spleen Stiffness Before and After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement With or Without Concurrent Embolization of Portal Systemic Collateral Veins in Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34(3): 443–449. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.34.3.443>.
- Ran HT, Ye XP, Zheng YY et al. Spleen Stiffness and Splenoportal Venous Flow. J Ultrasound Med 2013; 32(2): 221–228. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2013.32.2.221>.
- Chin JL, Chan G, Ryan JD et al. Spleen stiffness can non-invasively assess resolution of portal hypertension after liver transplantation. Liver Int 2015; 35(2): 518–523. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.12647>.
- Verlinden W, Francque S, Michielsen P et al. Successful antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C leads to a rapid decline of liver stiffness without an early effect on spleen stiffness. Hepatology 2016; 64(5): 1809–1810. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.28610>.
- Ying L, Lin X, Xie ZL et al. Clinical utility of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for identification of malignant liver lesions: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2012; 22(12): 2798–2805. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330–012–2540–0>.
- de Lédinghen V, Vergniol V. Transient elastography (FibroScan). Gastroenterol Clin Bio 2008; 32(6 Suppl 1): 58–67. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0399–8320(08)73994–0>.
- Nahon P, Kettaneh A, Tengher-Barna I et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2009; 49(6): 1062–1068. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.011>.
- Nguyen-Khac E, Chatelain D, Tramier B et al. Assessment of asymptomatic liver fibrosis in alcoholic patients using fibroscan: prospective comparison with seven non-invasive laboratory tests. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28(10): 1188–1198. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2036.2008.03831.x>.
- Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51(2): 454–462. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23312>.
Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineArticle was published in
Internal Medicine
2019 Issue 9
Most read in this issue
- Noninvasive diagnostics of liver diseases – imaging methods
- Current knowledge of hepatitis E virus related disease
- Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Current view on hepatitis B diagnosis and therapy