Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases

Czech version

Authors: Karel Vondra
Authors‘ workplace: Endokrinologický ústav, Praha
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2016; 62(Suppl 3): 121-125
Category: Reviews

Overview

From the recent literature data it may be concluded that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of thyroid autoimmunity development and thus should be considered as an additional important risk factor for both chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (postpartum thyroiditis including) and Graves´ disease. A higher risk of Graves´ disease development is also associated with several polymorphisms in the gene encoding for vitamin D binding protein and for the specific receptor of active form of vitamin D – 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ in the respective target cells. Whether careful supplementation with vitamin D aimed to normalize low 25(OH)D levels brings preventive or therapeutic effect is subject to further research.

Key words:
autoimmune thyroiditis – D vitamin deficiency – D vitamin supplementation – Graves´disease

Sources

1. Sohl E, de Jongh T, Heymans MW et al. Tresholds for Serum 25(OH) D Concentrations With Respect to Different Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(6): 2480–2488. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015–1353>.

2. Durup D, Jorgensen LH, Christensen J et al. A reverse J-Shaped Assotiation between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100(6): 2339–2346. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014–4551>.

3. Bizzaro G, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases: facts and unresolved questions. Immunol Res 2015; 61(1–2): 46–52. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12026–014–8579-z>.

4. Muscogiuri G, Tirabassi G, Bizzaro G et al. Vitamin D and thyroid disease: to D or not to D? Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69(3): 291–296. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.265>.

5. Ma J, Wu D, Ly C et al. Lower Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level is Associated With 3 Types of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(39): e1639. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001639>.

6. Wang J, Ly S, Chen G et al. Meta-Analysis between Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Nutrients 2015; 7(4): 2485–2498. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7042485>.

7. Choi YM, Kim WG, Kim TY et al. Low levels of serum Vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid 2014; 24(4): 655–661. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2013.0460>.

8. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappi M et al. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8(3): 243–247. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2010.73>.

9. Tamer G, Arik S, Tamer I et al. Relative vitamin D insufficiency in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 2011; 21(8): 891–896. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/thy.2009.0200>.

10. Bozkurt NC, Karbek B, Ucan B et al. The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr Pract 2013; 19(3): 479–484. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP12376.OR>.

11. Kim D. Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Hormones (Athens) 2016. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1681>.

12. Sandeep Chaudhary, Deep Dutta, Manoj Kumar et al. Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20(3): 391–398. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230–8210.179997>.

13. Shin DY, Kim KJ, Kim D et al. Low serum vitamin D is associated with anti-thyroid peroxidase in autoimmune thyroiditis. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55(2): 476–481. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.2.476>.

14. Unal AD, Tarcin O, Parildar H et al. Vitamin D deficiency is related to thyroid antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39(4): 493–497. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2014.47735>.

15. Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Petrizzo M et al. Vitamin D and autoimmunity: what happens in APS? J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38(6): 629–633. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618–014–0233-z>.

16. Krysiak R, Kowalcze K, Okopien B. The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in non-lactating women with postpartum thyroiditis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70(5): 637–639. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.214>.

17. Evliyaoğlu O, Acar M, Özcabı B et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis in Children and Adolescents: a Critical Vitamin D Level for This Association? J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 7(2): 128–133. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.2011>.

18. Metwalley KA, Farghaly HS, Sherief T et al. Vitamin D status in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39(7): 793–797. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618–016–0432-x>.

19. Camurdan OM, Doger E, Bideci A et al. Vitamin D status in children with Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25(5–6): 467–470.

20. Zhou P, Cai J, Markowitz M. Absence of relationship between thyroid hormones and vitamin D levels. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29(6): 703–707. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015–0210>.

21. Yasmeh J, Farpour F, Rizzo V et al. Hashimoto thyroiditis not associated with vitamin D deficiency. Endocr Pract 2016; 22(7): 809–813. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP15934.OR>.

22. Feng M, Li H, Chen SF et al. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and risk of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2013; 43(2): 318–326. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020–012–9812-y>.

23. 23.Yasuda T, Okamoto Y, Hamada N et al. Serum vitamin D levels are decreased and associated with thyroid volume in female patients with newly onset Graves’ disease. Endocrine 2012; 42(3): 739–741. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020–012–9679-y>.

24. Zhang H, Liang L, Xie Z. Low Vitamin D Status is Associated with Increased Titers of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies in Graves’ Disease. Endocr Pract 2015; 21(3): 258–263. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14191.OR>.

25. Yasuda T, Okamoto Y, Hamada N et al. Serum vitamin D levels are decreased in patients without remission of Graves’ disease. Endocrine 2013; 43(1): 230–232. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020–012–9789–6>.

26. Kozai M, Yamamoto H, Ishiguro M et al. Thyroid hormones decrease plasma 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels through transcriptional repression of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase gene (CYP27B1). Endocrinology 2013; 154(2): 609–622. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012–1647>.

27. Ramos-Lopez E, Kurylowicz A, Bednarczuk T et al. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with Graves’ disease in German and Polish but not in Serbian patients. Thyroid 2005; 15(10): 1125–1130.

28. Kurylowicz A, Ramos-Lopez E, Bednarczuk T et al. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphism is associated with Graves’ disease and the vitamin D status in a Polish population study. Exp Clin Endocrinol 2006; 114(6): 329–335.

29. Abdel EL, Gawad SS, Abdul Samee ER et al. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and its association with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with Graves disease in an Egyptian population: a pilot study. Endocr Pract 2012; 18(2): 132–139. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP11131.OR>.

30. Agmon-Levin N, Theodor E, Segal RM et al. Vitamin D in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 45(2): 256–266. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016–012–8342-y>.

31. Efraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Mechanisms in endocrinology: autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170(6): R241-R252. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14–0047>.

32. Mazokopakis EE, Kotsiris DA. Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis and vitamin D deficiency. Current aspects. Hell J Nucl Med 2014; 17(1): 37–40.

33. Muscogiuri G, Mitri J, Mathieu C et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: vitamin D as a potential contributor in endocrine health and disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171(3): R101-R110. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14–0158>.

34. Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Corrado A et al. Autoimmune thyroid disorders. Autoimmune Rev 2015; 14(2): 174–180. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.016>.

35. Kmieć P, Sworczak K. Vitamin D in thyroid disorders. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015; 123(7): 386–393. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035–1554714>.

36. Alhuzaim ON, Aljohani N. Effect of vitamin d3 on untreated graves’ disease with vitamin d deficiency. Clin Med Insights Case Rep 2014; 7: 83–85. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/CCRep.S13157>.

37. Caprio M, Infante M, Calanchini M et al. Vitamin D: not just the bone. Evidence for beneficial pleiotropic extrasceletal effects. Eat Weight Disord 2016; Aug 23. V tisku.

38. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for multiple health outcomes. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 810: 500–525.

39. Lucas R, Neale R. What is the optimal level of vitamin D? – separating the evidence from the rhetoric. Aust Fam Physician 2014; 43(3): 119–122.

40. Lerchbaum E, Pilz S, Trummer C et al. Serum vitamin D and hypogonadism in men. Andrology 2014; 2(5): 748–754. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2047–2927.2014.00247.x>.