#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#
CS
proLékaře.cz / Journals / Clinical Osteology / 2023 - 4

Calcium metabolism and its disorders: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

Czech version

Authors: Tenčíková Alexandra
Authors‘ workplace: III. Interní klinika – nefrologická, revmatologická a endokrinologická, LF UP a FN Olomouc
Published in: Clinical Osteology 2023; 28(4): 125-132
Category:

Overview

Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the most important ions in the body. It plays numerous body functions such as skeletal mineralization, blood coagulation, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, transmission of intracellular processes and enzyme activation. In human body, it occurs mainly extracellularly, and its greatest amount (about 99 %) is in the bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite. Serum calcium exists in free form (ionized), bound to proteins (mainly albumin) and bound to complexes. The level of total serum calcium is therefore dependent on the level of serum albumin. When its level is abnormal, ionized calcium or calcium corrected for albumin is preferred. The hormonal regulation is mediated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol. Calcitonin plays a minor role in calcium metabolism, protects the body from sudden increases of calcium levels, and becomes more important during pregnancy and lactation. Calcium metabolism is closely linked to the phosphate and magnesium metabolism and is dependent on intestinal absorption, bone remodeling and renal reabsorption. Disorders of calcium metabolism are caused by disorders of regulatory mechanisms. This review summarizes knowledge about calcium metabolism and focuses on conditions leading to hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.

Sources
  1. Broulík P. Onemocnění způsobená poruchami kalciofosfátového metabolismu. Jessenius. Maxdorf: Praha 2017. ISBN 978–80–7345–523–1.
  2. Tinawi M. Disorders of Calcium Metabolism: Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia. Cureus 2021; 13(1): e12420. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12420>.
  3. Fleet JC. Vitamin D-Mediated Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption. Nutrients 2022; 14(16): 3351. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14163351>. 
  4. Kovacs CS. Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism and Related Disorders During Pregnancy and Lactation. [Updated 2021 Aug 1]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR et al (eds). Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279173/>.
  5. Goyal A, Anastasopoulou C, Ngu M et al. Hypocalcemia 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing 2023. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430912/>.
  6. Stokes VJ, Nielsen MF, Hannan FM et al. Hypercalcemic Disorders in Children. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32(11): 2157–2170. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3296>. 
  7. Bikle DD. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action. [Updated 2021 Dec 31]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR et al. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278935/>.
  8. Kurpas A, Supeł K, Idzikowska K et al. FGF23: A Review of Its Role in Mineral Metabolism and Renal and Cardiovascular Disease. Dis Markers 2021; 2021: 8821292. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8821292>.
  9. Jenšovský J, Džupa V (eds). Diagnostika a léčba osteoporózy a dalších onemocnění skeletu. Univerzita Karlova – Nakladatelství Karolinum: Praha 2018. ISBN 978–80–246–3741–9.
  10. Fong J, Khan A. Hypocalcemia: updates in diagnosis and management for primary care. Can Fam Physician 2012; 58(2): 158–162.
  11. Žofková I. Osteologie a kalcium-fosfátový metabolizmus: aktuální témata. Grada: Praha 2012. ISBN 978–80–247–3919–9.
  12. Tonon CR, Silva TAAL, Pereira FWL et al. A Review of Current Clinical Concepts in the Pathophysiology, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Hypercalcemia. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28: e935821. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.935821>.
  13. Minisola S, Arnold A, Belaya Z et al. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37(11): 2315–2329. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4665>.
  14. Kršek M, Čáp J, Šumník Z et al. Doporučený postup České endokrinologické společnosti pro diagnostiku a léčbu primární hyperparathyreózy a hypoparathyreózy. Vnitř Lék 2021; 67(Suppl A).
  15. Lee JY, Shoback DM. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and related disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32(5): 609–619. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2018.05.004>. 
  16. Gorvin CM. The Importance of Functionally Characterizing Calcium-Sensing Receptor Variants in Individuals With Hypercalcemia. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6(6): bvac052. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac052> 
  17. Almuradova E, Cicin I. Cancer-related hypercalcemia and potential treatments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14: 1039490. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1039490>.
  18. Borgan SM, Khan LZ, Makin V. Hypercalcemia and vitamin A: A vitamin to keep in mind. Cleve Clin J Med 2022; 89(2): 99–105. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.89a.21056>.
  19. Šumník Z, Souček O, Lebl J. Hypofosfatázie: Kdy na ni myslet a jak ji léčit. Pediatr praxi 2016;17(3): 146–149.
  20. Whyte MP, Leung E, Wilcox WR et al. [Study 011–10 Investigators]. Natural History of Perinatal and Infantile Hypophosphatasia: A Retrospective Study. J Pediatr 2019; 209: 116–124.e4. Dostupné z DOI <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.049>.
  21. Koberová Ivančaková R, Radochová V, Skálová S et al. Hypofosfatázie a X-vázaná hypofosfatemická křivice v dětském věku. LKS 2023; 33(12): 224–229.
  22. Mutlu U, Cakmak R, Sonsöz MR et al. A rare cause of dilated cardiomyopathy: hypocalcemia. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2022; 66(4): 582–586. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.20945/2359–3997000000474>.
  23. Lebl J, Al Taji E, Koloušková S et al. Malý atlas dětské endokrinologie. Galén: Praha 2013. ISBN 978–80–7492–065–3.
  24. Gorvin CM, Stokes VJ, Boon H et al. Activating Mutations of the G-protein Subunit α 1 Interdomain Interface Cause Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105(3): 952–963. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz251>.
  25. Ucciferro P, Anastasopoulou C. Pseudohypoparathyroidism. [Updated 2023 Sep 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547709/>.
  26. Sarathi V, Wadhwa R. Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559141/>
  27. Vracovská M, Kutílek Š, Pikner R. Novorozenecká hypokalcémie – tranzitorní neonatální pseudohypoparathyreóza. Čes-Slov Pediat 2017; 72(2): 132–136. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.55095/CSPediatrie2023/044>.
  28. Sobacchi C, Villa A, Schulz A et al. CLCN7-Related Osteopetrosis 2007. [Updated 2022 Jan 20]. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM et al (eds). GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle: 1993–2023. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1127/>.
  29. Kutílek Š, Hála T. Syndrom osteopetrózy – rodina s mramorovými kostmi. Osteol Bull 2015; 20(3): 130–134.
  30. Levine MA. Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Dependent Rickets. Front Pediatr 2020; 8: 315. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00315>.
Labels
Clinical biochemistry Paediatric gynaecology Paediatric radiology Paediatric rheumatology Endocrinology Gynaecology and obstetrics Internal medicine Orthopaedics General practitioner for adults Radiodiagnostics Rehabilitation Rheumatology Traumatology Osteology
A few words for beginning
Effect of toxic metals on the bone regeneration
Effects of selected heavy metals on the metabolism and healing processes of craniofacial bones
Latest research and news in osteology
Article was published in

Clinical Osteology

Issue 4
2023 Issue 4
Most read in this issue
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#