Concise and Practical Recommendations for Optimal Care of Dental Prostheses

Plaque forms on the surface of removable dental prostheses, which can have a significant impact on oral health. It causes mucosal infections (stomatitis) and overall health complications such as aspiration pneumonia. This problem is especially observed in older patients living in nursing homes where dental prosthesis care is minimal or nonexistent. Procedures should thus be clear and understandable to both patients and caregiving personnel.

1. Mechanical Cleaning

Plaque that forms on dental prostheses can be removed in several ways, both mechanically and chemically. The basis is daily mechanical cleaning of the prosthesis with a toothbrush or a denture brush using a non-abrasive cleaner. The use of toothpaste is not recommended, as it can damage the surface of the prosthesis with its abrasive components. Instead, vinegar and soap are suitable, as they are compatible with all denture materials. Mechanical cleaning reduces the amount of plaque, but there is no evidence of reducing bacteria, particularly yeast, which are the most common cause of stomatitis.

2. Immersion in Cleaning Solution

The second step is the daily immersion of the prosthesis in a cleaning solution. This helps chemically break down residual plaque and partially disinfects the denture. These solutions should be effective, non-toxic, and compatible with denture materials. Effectiveness was established in antimicrobial tests where cleaning tablets were effective against all tested organisms after a 5-minute exposure time.

Regarding compatibility with denture materials, study results show that products available on the market are suitable for prostheses made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium alloy, but not for silver solder materials (such as in partial dentures in Japan) and silicone-based reline materials, where layer deposition occurs. Bleach-based products showed excellent results in antimicrobial tests but were incompatible with metal components of dental prostheses. Denture cleaning tablets currently available in Western European countries are neutral or slightly alkaline peroxides. They do not change the hardness or color of denture resins. These tablets must always be used outside the oral cavity, and after use, the dentures should be rinsed with clear water.

3. Do Not Leave in Mouth Overnight

Dental prostheses should not remain in the mouth overnight unless there is a specific reason. This is especially important for older individuals and patients with compromised immune systems. Leaving the dental prosthesis in the mouth overnight increases the risk of stomatitis and aspiration pneumonia. On the other hand, mechanical cleaning followed by immersion in a cleaning solution helps prevent these diseases.

4. Don't Forget the Dentist

The prosthesis should be professionally cleaned once a year in the dentist's office either by ultrasound or microwave sterilization − the latter is not suitable for prostheses with metal components. These methods can remove plaque that forms on the prosthesis despite daily cleaning. It’s also important to remember preventive checks of the mucosa, tongue, and any remaining teeth to ensure proper care.

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Source: Bartlett D., Carter N., de Baat C. et al.; Global Task Force for Denture Care. "White paper" regarding optimal care and maintenance of full dental prostheses for oral and overall health. Oral Health Foundation, 2018.