Brain implants can affect the human mind in a surprising way

At the interface between the brain and the computer

Neural interfaces connecting the brain with a computer, usually in the form of electronic chips, are also known as brain-computer interface (BCI). Neuralink has been working on this type of electronic device since 2016 and plans to conduct its first clinical tests on human volunteers this year. The primary intention of the testing is to help paralyzed people communicate with the outside world. However, the question remains whether the company will be able to turn this proclamation into reality, as it is known not only for its exaggerated statements but also for issues with maintaining proper living conditions for experimental animals. 

Just the tip of the iceberg

Elon Musk and his company are not the only players in this field. Currently, more than 200,000 people around the world use a brain implant, for example in the form of a cochlear implant for individuals with hearing impairments or an implant that warns of an impending convulsive seizure in people with epilepsy.

Other technology companies are focusing on developing implants that restore sensory perceptions or control prosthetic limbs using the mind. Recent advances in machine learning and “artificial intelligence” have enabled the development of smaller, better-implantable, and scalable devices, attracting additional private, civilian, and even military entities. In September 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved targeted brain stimulation for the treatment of severe depressive disorder, and in November 2022, a device concept for treating blindness was unveiled.

Ethical aspects of progress

At the same time, a number of ethical questions arise. For example, what changes will the implanted device cause in the brain and human mind? According to current knowledge, the implantation of these devices will likely bring both positive and negative effects. Positive changes have been observed in patients with Parkinson's disease, where the implantation of a deep brain stimulation device led to a decrease in feelings of depersonalization. Other studies have shown the positive impact of implants on personality changes, such as improved self-confidence and self-perception.

However, every coin has two sides, and individual cases also speak of the negative effects of implanted chips on personality traits. Some people have experienced changes in the expression of sexuality. Additionally, the positive influence on self-confidence and self-esteem can also have negatives, as demonstrated by the case of an elderly patient who injured herself while lifting a pool table because she thought she could handle it. In one case, there was even a suicide attempt.

Generally, implants for medical purposes balance the potential negatives with confirmed positive effects. A different situation may arise when using implants for commercial purposes, which Elon Musk also plans. In this case, implants would serve as smart devices enabling the initiation of applications, phone calls, and other functions. For this type of device, one volunteer experienced what is called decision paralysis, where the individual was unable to perform any action without first “consulting” the implanted device. An equally important question is the development or further strengthening of dependence on electronic devices.

Safety first

Another important aspect is, of course, the issue of safety. In the proximity of computers, interference with other devices may occur, potentially disrupting the implant's function. The discussed issue also includes the risk of the implant being hacked, allowing the hacker to “read the mind” of the implant user. The truth is that this field of the medical-technology industry is still in its infancy, and it will certainly take at least a few more years before it becomes widespread. However, important ethical and safety issues need to be addressed now, especially considering the surprisingly rapid development in areas such as machine learning.

(holi)

Source: Malmgren E. How brain chips can change you. Business Insider, 2023 Feb 15. Available at: www.businessinsider.com/brain-chips-elon-musk-neuralink-change-personality-behavior-computer-tech-2023-2