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Risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome in industrialised nations: a systematic review of the literature

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Authors: C. Tung Ho Lok 1;  A. Jien Ting Ser 2,3;  P. Oligbu 4;  M. Pervaiz 5;  G. Oligbu 6
Authors‘ workplace: University College London Hospital, London, UK 1;  Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 2;  Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK 3;  Department of Family Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria 4;  Department of Paediatrics, Dumfries and Galloway NHS Hospital, Scotland, UK 5;  Department of Paediatrics, Dr Gray’s Hospital, NHS Grampian, Scotland, UK 6
Published in: Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 72, 2023, č. 4, s. 213-220
Category: Original Papers

Overview

Background and Aim: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a triad of haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and acute kidney injury. It is a leading cause of acute kidney injury in children and has a high rate of long-term sequelae. Streptococcus pneumoniae–associated HUS (SpHUS) is a rare complication from pneumococcal disease. This article aims to systematically review SpHUS following the global introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).

Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library from 1st January 2000 to 13th April 2022.

Results: Thirteen studies were included in this review, involving a total of 7,177 children with HUS, of which 336 cases were associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae. SpHUS accounted for 4.8% of all HUS cases, in which most patients were younger than 24 months old. Nine studies (80.4%, 281) were during the country’s PCV era, whereas 4 studies (19.6%, 66) were before the introduction of PCV into the national vaccination programme. Pneumonia was the commonest clinical presentation (77.3%; 75/97), followed by septicaemia (33.0%; 32/97), and meningitis (29.9%; 29/97). Most cases presenting with pneumonia were complicated by empyema or pleural effusion (54.4%, n=49/90). Only 5 studies reported the isolated serotypes, with the most prevalent serotype being 19A (44.4%, n=20/45), followed by serotype 3 (17.8%, n = 8/45) and 7F (6.7%, n = 3/45). Of those reporting fatality, there were 12 deaths with a fatality rate of 9.8% (n = 12/122).

Conclusion: SpHUS is rare, but commonly presents in children younger than 2 years old. There remains a high risk of long-term complications and relatively high mortality rate even in the era of conjugate vaccines.

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Hygiene and epidemiology Medical virology Clinical microbiology
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Patogeneze infekcí vyvolaných virem SARS-CoV-2
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Analýza očkování vakcínami proti meningokokovým onemocněním u pacientů s invazivním meningokokovým onemocněním, Česká republika, 2006–2022
Významné životní jubileum RNDr. Pavly Urbáškové, CSc.
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