A New Approach in DCE MRI Data Analysis for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions

Overview

Background:
Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) is able to reflect changes in vascularity, vessel permeability and extracellular diffusion space of tissues. The goal of this study was to investigate the use of DCE MRI to differentiate benign and malignant breast lesions.

Patients and Methods:
From a database, five patients with malignant and five patients with benign lesions were randomly chosen. All patients underwent measurement in a 3T MR scanner using a breast coil. A series of T1- weighted MRI were performed using an intravenously delivered contrast agent. Then, 17 post‑contrast sets were acquired within a timeframe of 13 seconds. All DCE MRI data were evaluated using the JIM image analysis package. We observed changes in signal intensity over the acquisition time –  curves of dynamic contrast enhancement.

Conclusion:
We investigated parts of the curves with the largest increase in signal intensity during the timeframe. For further comparison, we used values of the highest signal intensity increases between the timeframes. Analysis of these results led to the proposal that the threshold between benign and malignant lesion had a relative value of 100. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between these two types of lesions.

Key words:
breast neoplasms – magnetic resonance imaging – contrast media

Background

Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer‑related deaths among women in most western countries. According to recent statistics, mortality and morbidity rates of breast cancer are the highest of all cancers in women all over the world. Therefore, early detection and treatment of breast cancer is necessary to save more lives [1– 4].

The use of MRI as a dia­gnostic tool for analysis of breast cancer began in the 1970s [2,5]. Development of new imag­ing protocols was possible with the use of contrast agents and advances in surface coil technology. MRI has emerged as a promising modality for detection, dia­gnosis and staging of breast cancer [5– 9]. MRI also enables a helpful and an investigative method known as the dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE MRI) [10– 12].

DCE MRI yields appropriate pharmacokinetic data of physiological parameters that relate to tissue perfusion, microvascular vessel wall permeability and extracellular volume fraction [12– 15]. Its technological process includes a serial of T1- weighted 3D MRI of a tissue acquired before and repetitively after the administration of a contrast agent. This agent, usually gadolinium based (gadolinium –  diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid; Gd –  DTPA [10,11]), is a paramagnetic substance which generates its own magnetic field [7,14]. This magnetic field decreases relaxation times (T₁, T₂) and thus enables differences to be distinguished between tissues [14,16]. Changes in the post‑contrast signal intensity help to distinguish lesions accord­ing to characte­ristic enhanced accumulation of the contrast agent that can be related to higher tissue microvascularity [13,15,17,18]. Tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis, which provides the tumor with oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, the microvessel density is much higher in cancers when compared to healthy tissue [14,16,19].

Subsequently, a small region of interest (ROI) is drawn over the region that appears to be the most enhanced in the lesion, and the enhancement values at different pre‑ and post‑contrast time points are calculated over this to form the kinetic DCE MRI curve [10,20,21]. There are two methods used to describe lesion enhancement kinetics. The most common practice is to observe the signal intensity behavior in intermediate and late post‑contrast phases of the DCE MRI curves [9,22,23]. These parts of the kinetic curve depend on their shapes and are categorised into three types as follows [10,11,13]:

1. a persistent curve with continuous increase in enhancement for benign lesions;
2. a washout curve with decreasing signal intensity after peak enhancement for malignant lesions;
3. a plateau curve which signal intensity remains constant after reaching the maximum. This type is complicated because it can be observed in both benign and malignant lesions. 

A rarely used method for investigat­ing DCE MRI curves is to analyze the behavior of signal intensity in the early phase after the administration of contrast material, which is referred to as a wash‑ in rate. The analysis of the fol­lowing parameters has been described previously [1,7,11,21] –  the early‑ phase enhancement rate, the enhancement velocity, the percentage of increase in signal intensity or the curve slope. These always demonstrated a maximum signal intensity, which the DCE MRI curve reaches.

Therefore, we decided to investigate the largest increase in signal intensity per timeframes as a different entity to the maximum signal intensity. The results therefore bring a new insight into analysis of DCE MRI curves. The main goal of this study was to investigate the use of DCE MRI in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions. 

Patient Group and Methods

Case Description

MRI data of 10 patients with a total of 10 lesions were chosen from a large database of patients who had undergone MRI for breast examination and subsequently, bio­psy and histological confirmation. Out of the patient database we randomly chose five patients with malignant and five patients with benign lesions. DCE MRI were obtained using a T1- weighted 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence with the fol­lowing parameters –  repetition time “TR“ = 3.61 ms, echo time “TE“ = 1.21 ms, flip angle = 6 °. Fat suppression was not employed. The patients were scanned using a standard double‑breast coil on a 3 Tesla whole‑ body MR scanner Siemens (MAGNETOM Trio, A Tim System, Erlangen, Germany). After the acquisition of the pre‑contrast series, gadobenic acid contrast agent (Multihance) was delivered intravenously by power injection (dose: 0.2 ml per kilogram of body weight) [8,9,13]. Seventeen post‑contrast sets were then acquired within a timeframe of 13 seconds. Each set contained 72 coronal slices, 2 mm thick. Ensuing sets were not acquired as the goal of this study was to investigate the behavior of signal intensity only in the early phase after the administration of the contrast agent. The experimental protocol and informed consent procedure were in compliance with the Helsinki Convention and were approved by the relevant local ethics committee.

Data Analysis

All DCE MRI data were evaluated using the JIM image analysis package (Version 5.0. Xinapse Systems Ltd., Northants, UK) [24]. Among the series of MRI, we first selected slices showing the highest enhanced lesion. Subsequently, a small ROI outside the necrotic or surround­ing tissue was drawn over this lesion. The enhancement values of signal intensity at different pre‑ and post‑contrast time points were calculated over the ROI to form the kinetic DCE MRI curve [10,20,21]. For all data sets, we evaluated a wash‑ in rate of DCE MRI curves and investigated their features and differences.

All statistical analyses were performed by using a software program known as GraphPad InStat^® (GraphPad Software, Inc.; version 3.01). The significance in dif­ference between benign and malignant lesion groups was tested with a two‑tailed unpaired t‑test and the significance in the threshold value between these two lesion groups with a two‑tailed one sample t‑test, p < 0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference.

Results

The first step was to evaluate the DCE MRI curves for all lesions (Graph 1). The signal intensity values over time acquisition from all these curves are shown in Tab. 1. These demonstrated that timeframes after 65 seconds appear to be the wash‑ in rate part of the DCE MRI curves. There were different signal intensity increases between timeframes of acquisition in the wash‑ in rate of the DCE MRI curves (Graph 2). Our interest was to find the highest one –  in other words, find­ing the maximum difference in signal intensity between two consecutive timeframes (Tab. 2). Because of a relative value of signal intensity increase, it was possible to compare all signal intensity increases with regard to a common base­line (for these purposes it was given a value of 0). As shown in our analysis, the largest signal intensity increase was observed between 78 and 104 seconds (highlighted in Tab. 2). In our study, all malignant lesions had higher enhancement maximum when compared to benign lesions (Graph 3). We performed a statistical analysis of differences between relative values of the largest signal intensity increases in the malignant and the benign group. Thus, we found that the mean values in the malignant group (mean ± SD = 189.0 ± 57.7) and the benign group (mean ± SD = 57.0 ± 22.6) differ very significantly (p = 0.0014) (Graph 4). Furthermore, we observed that the relative values of the largest signal intensity increases for malignant lesions exceeded 100, whereas those for benign lesions remained below this value. We analyzed that the means values of the largest signal intensity increases in the malignant lesion group differ significantly (p = 0.0261) from threshold value of 100, as well as the mean values in the benign lesion group (p = 0.0131). 

Discussion

After establishing the existence of a lesion in the breast, it is critical to determine whether this lesion is benign or malignant. The sensitivity of breast cancer detection by mammography is 69– 90%. Sonographic classification of benign and malignant tumors is of low specificity as well‑approximately 30% [25– 27]. The sensitivity reported for dia­gnosis of breast cancer using MRI is larger than 90%, and using DCE MRI is in the range of 90% to 100%. The specificity in both methods varies considerably and may be substantially lower (between 20% and 90%) [28– 31]. The big­gest advantage of both MRI methods is the lack of ionizing radiation and non‑invasivity [20]. Despite these facts, MRI and its modality are still not so frequently used in comparison to mammography and breast ultrasound. From current consensus, there are particularly suited for specific cases, such as patients who have undergone breast‑ conserving therapy, patients who have a high risk of developing breast cancer, patients with implants, plus postoperative scars, or clinical evidence of breast cancer that could not be detected by other dia­gnostic methods [1,5,12,15,23].

Whereas it is still not standardized, the best evaluation method is to use the DCE MRI curves. We decided to try a new development approach of breast DCE MRI analysis. We investigated the rarely studied early phase after the administration of contrast material. A breast tumor leads to angiogenesis, i.e. the formation of new vessels and/ or the sprout­ing of existing capillaries. Moreover, the vessels, as a result of the tumor activity, become highly permeable. These yield early contrast agent enhancement, and therefore, strong contrast agent wash‑ in would be expected in the tumorous tis­sue [2,9,16,19]. This is the essence of wash‑ in rate DCE MRI curves. The usual analysis includes parameters describ­ing enhancement rate or steepness of in­crease in signal intensity [13,14,21]. These always displayed the maximum of signal intensity, which the DCE MRI curve reaches.

The aim of this analysis was to find the largest increase of signal intensity per timeframes. It is important to realize that the largest increase of signal intensity in wash‑ in rate DCE MRI curves not to be the same as the maximum value of signal intensity. The signal intensity increase occurs over all timeframes, but does not show similar big differences between time intervals (Graph 2). The signal intensity increases are relative values which represent changes related to the previous value of signal intensity increase. In other words, each value of signal intensity increase is obtained by adding the difference in signal intensity values of the two subsequent timeframes to the previous value of signal intensity increase. Therefore we can observe a gradual increase of signal intensity. We were interested in the maximal values of signal intensity increase in these gradual curves, which were for benign lesions 57.0 ± 22.6 (mean ± SD) and for malignant lesions 189.0 ± 57. We found a very significant (p = 0.0014, unpaired t‑test) difference between these two types of lesions. According to these find­ings, a relative value of 100 appeared to be a possible threshold between these types of lesions. Furthermore, the mean values in both groups significantly differ from this threshold. Although in our study significant differences were observed, we realize that only a small sample group of patients were examined, which should be extended to validate the findings. This group was chosen for the initial research and testing meth­odology. Our results were consistent with basic theoretical findings that malignant tissue is characterized by a faster and stronger signal enhancement than that of benign lesions with relation to their neoangiogenesis [5,14,20].

Conclusion

In this study, we demonstrated that DCE MRI helps to differentiate lesions in healthy breast tissue according to characteristically enhanced accumulation of contrast agent that can be related to higher tissue microvascularity [17– 19,22]. Thus, we showed that in this field of interest it is possible and important to continue developing new methods of data evaluation. Finally, we considered it important to highlight the major disadvantage of using DCE MRI analysis. It uses contrast agents, which are contra‑ indicated in some cases. The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) agency does not recommend their use in patients with a high‑risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis or kidney problems, in patients receiving liver transplant, in neonates or infants, in the elderly, in pregnant or breastfeeding women [10,15,32]. 

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Stephan Gruber, Mag. Dr. rer. nat., Assistant Professor at the Centre of Excellence „High‑Field MR“ in Medical University of Vienna for help with this study.

This study was supported by Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic under the project registration number 2012/31-UKMA-8 and by project ’Increasing Opportunities for Career Growth in Research and Development in the Field of Med­i­­­-cal Sciences’, code IMTS 26110230067, co-funded from EU sources and European Social Fund.

The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.

The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.

Ing. Petra Hnilicova, PhD.
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin
Comenius University in Bratislava
Malá hora 4
036 01 Martin
Slovak Republic
e-mail: petra.hnilicova@jfmed.uniba.sk

Submitted: 12. 9. 2014

Accepted: 20. 10. 2014