Epidemiology of hypercholesterolemia

Czech version

Authors: Barbora Nussbaumerová; Hana Rosolová
Authors‘ workplace: Centrum preventivní kardiologie II. interní kliniky LF UK a FN Plzeň
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2018; 64(1): 30-37
Category: Reviews

Overview

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Epidemiology follows the prevalence, the incidence and the possibilities of risk factors or diseases intervention. A review of observation epidemiologic studies, pharmacotherapy and treatment perspectives is presented. The first epidemiologic studies, e.g. the Framingham Heart Study or MRFIT showed hyperlipidemia is associated with the incidence of CV disease. The North Karelia Project showed the intervention of CV risk factors is useful on population-based principles. Interventional studies with statins showed the usefulness of LDL cholesterol lowering to decrease CV morbidity and mortality and also total mortality. Anyway, the control of CV risk factors is unsatisfactory.

Key words:
epidemiology – hypercholesterolemia – intervention

Sources

1. Framingham Heart Study. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org>.

2. Keys A, Blackburn H, Taylor H. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 1970; 41(Suppl 4): 120–139; 154–161.

3. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2016; 37(39): 2999–3058. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272>.

4. Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D. [MRFIT Research Group]. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350 977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med 1989; 320(14): 904–910. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198904063201405>.

5. Reiniš Z, Pokorný J, Bazika V et al. Epidemiologie ischemické choroby srdce u zemědělské a průmyslové populace. Thomayerova sbírka. Svazek 476. Avicenum: Praha 1977.

6. Geizerová H. Multifaktoriální primárně preventivní studie srdečních infarktů a cévních mozkových příhod. Závěrečná zpráva 1. etapy ÚSP 17–335–328–02 HE- 8/6. IKEM: Praha 1980.

7. Škodová Z. Multifaktoriální primárně preventivní studie srdečních infarktů a cévních mozkových příhod. Závěrečná zpráva VÚ-ZP: 17–335–452/03–4/2. IKEM: Praha 1985.

8. Škodová Z, Piša Z, Hejl Z et al. Mezinarodni studie MONICA – první zkušenosti v ČSSR. Praktický lekař 1986; 66(18): 668–670.

9. Cífková R, Škodová Z, Bruthans J et al. Longitudinal trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population between 1985 and 2007/8. Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211(2): 676–681. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.007>.

10. Cífková R, Škodová Z, Bruthans J et al. Longitudinal trends in cardiovascular mortality and blood pressure levels, prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the Czech population from 1985 to 2007/2008. J Hypertens 2010; 28(11): 2196–2203. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32833d4451>.

11. Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Puska P. From pilot project to national implementation: experiences from the North Karelia Project. Scand J Prim Health Care Suppl 1988; 1: 49–56.

12. Stožický F, Slabý P, Voleníková L. Serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in children. Česk Pediatr 1983; 38(11): 646–649.

13. Šimon J, Karlíček V, Rosolová H. Závěrečná zpráva Výzkumného projektu P-12–333–810: Výzkum komplexní léčebné a preventivní péče o organizovanou (průmyslovou) populaci. Plzeň 1990.

14. Rosolová H, Šimon J, Šefrna F. Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on morbidity and mortality in Czech middle-aged men: Pilsen Interventional Longitudinal Study (PILS). Cardiology 1994; 85(1): 61–68.

15. Rosolová H, Krejsová L, Emmer J et al. Vliv věku a vzdělání na rizikový profil mužů a žen v průmyslové populaci (PILS II). Vnitř Lék 1991; 37(7–8): 678–685.

16. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 251(3): 351–364.

17. SPC Vasosan. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.sukl.cz>.

18. [Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group]. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360(9326): 7–22.

19. Jukema JW, Bruschke AVG, van Boven AJ et al. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 1995; 91(10): 2528–2540.

20. Nissen S, Tuzcu E, Schoenhagen P et al. Effect of Intensive Compared with Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis: A randomized Controlled Trial (REVERSAL). JAMA 2004; 291(9): 1071–1080.

21. Ballantyne CM, Raichlen JS, Nicholls SJ et al. [ASTEROID Investigators]. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound derived coronary atheroma burden. Circulation 2008; 117(19): 2458–2466. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773747>.

22. Catapano A, Toth PP, Tomassini JE et al. The efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with statin therapy in various patient groups. Clin Lipidol 2013; 8(1): 13–41. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.12.88>.

23. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP et al. [IMPROVE-IT Investigators]. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015; 372(25): 2387–2397. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489>.

24. [Prospective Studies Collaboration]. Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet 1995; 346(8991–8992): 1647–1653.

25. [The stroke prevention by agresive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) investigators]. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(6): 549–559. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa061894>.

26. Sever P, Dahlöf B, Poulter N et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower- than- average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT- LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361(9364): 1149–1158. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(03)12948–0>.

27. Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI et al. Design of the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002; 19(3): 201–211.

28. Ridker P, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Eng J Med 2008; 359(21): 2195–2207. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807646>.

29. Soška V. Prevence cévních mozkových příhod léčbou hypolipidemiky. Česk Slov Neurol 2010; 73/106(1): 20–25.

30. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G et al. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries, Lancet 2009; 373(9667): 929–940. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(09)60330–5>.

31. Mayer O Jr, J. Bruthans K. Timoracká. [Czech EUROASPIRE I–IV investigators]. The changes in cardiovascular prevention practice between 1995 and 2012 in the Czech Republic. A comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, III and IV study. Cor et Vasa 2014; 56(2): e91-e97. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2014.01.008>,

32. Brookhart MA, Patrick AR, Schneeweiss S et al. Physician follow-up and provider continuity are associated with long-term medication adherence: a study of the dynamics of statin use. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(8): 847–852. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.8.847>.

33. Ruscica M, Gomaraschi M, Mombelli G et al. Nutraceutical approach to moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a randomized, double-blind and crossover study with Armolipid Plus. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8(1): 61–68. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2013.11.003>.

34. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med 2017; 376(18): 1713–1722. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1615664>.

Labels

Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicine

Familial combined hyperlipidemia – the most common genetic dyslipidemia in population and in patients with premature atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease

MedPed – the reality of familial hypercholesterolemia care at the biggest center

The role of PCSK9-inhibitors and of lipoprotein apheresis in the treatment of homozygous and severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: A rivalry, or are things quite different?

Cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatic disease and its management

Examination methods for coronary atherosclerosis regression with special focus on GLAGOV trial

Effect of pulsatility on markers of vascular damage in patients with implanted continuous flow mechanical circulatory support

Remarks on biomarkers of cardiovascular risk

Long non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis

The current position of hydrochlorothiazide among thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Diabetic dyslipidemia and microvascular complications of diabetes

Article was published in

Internal Medicine

2018 Issue 1