Limitation of the use of saliva as diagnostic fluid in clinical practice

Czech version

Authors: K. Janšáková ¹; P. Celec ^1,2,3; Ľ. Tóthová ^1,4
Authors‘ workplace: Ústav molekulárnej biomedicíny, Lekárska fakulta Univerzity Komenského, Bratislava, Slovensko ¹; Ústav patologickej fyziológie, Lekárska fakulta Univerzity Komenského, Bratislava, Slovensko ²; Katedra molekulárnej biológie, Prírodovedecká fakulta Univerzity Komenského, Bratislava, Slovensko ³; Fyziologický ústav, Lekárska fakulta Univerzity Komenského, Bratislava, Slovensko ⁴
Published in: Klin. Biochem. Metab., 26, 2018, No. 1, p. 21-26

Overview

Saliva as a diagnostic fluid has several benefits such the possibility of non-invasive and repeated collection. Many published studies pointed to a wide range of salivary markers of systemic or oral diseases. Nevertheless, saliva has never reached routine clinical practice, mainly due to the low concentration of measured biomarkers, high technical and biological variability and, thus, low reproducibility of obtained results. A key point is the pre-analytical phase including the preparation of the patient, sampling, processing, and the storage of samples. Interpretation is affected by the lack of a normalization factor. Despite many advantages of saliva, it is necessary to focus on the optimization of analytical and pre-analytical procedures. The standardization of the protocols and of the interpretation of the obtained results is a critical condition for the use of saliva in clinical practice.

Keywords:
analysis of biomacromolecules, salivation, saliva.

Sources

1. Said, H. S., Suda, W., Nakagome, S. et al. Dysbiosis of salivary microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease and its association with oral immunological biomarkers. DNA Res, 2014, 21(1): p. 15-25.

2. Durdiakova, J., Fabryova, H., Koborova, I., Ostatnikova, D. and Celec, P. The effects of saliva collection, handling and storage on salivary testosterone measurement. Steroids, 2013, 78(14): p. 1325-31.

3. Banasova, L., Kamodyova, N., Jansakova, K. et al. Salivary DNA and markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis. Clin. Oral Investig., 2015, 19(2): p. 201-7.

4. Browne, R.W., Kantarci, A., LaMonte, M.J. et al. Performance of multiplex cytokine assays in serum and saliva among community-dwelling postmenopausal women. PLoS One, 2013, 8(4): p. e59498.

5. Patel, N., Belcher, J., Thorpe, G., Forsyth, N.R. and Spiteri, M.A. Measurement of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and neutrophil elastase in saliva of COPD patients and healthy controls: correlation to self-reported wellbeing parameters. Respir. Res., 2015, 16: p. 62.

6. Hirschfeld, J., Dommisch, H., Skora, P. et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in supragingival biofilms. Int. J Med. Microbiol., 2015, 305(4-5): p. 453-63.

7. Chen, Z., Zhu, H., Malamud, D. et al. A Rapid, Self-confirming Assay for HIV: Simultaneous Detection of Anti-HIV Antibodies and Viral RNA. J AIDS Clin. Res., 2016, 7(1).

8. Franceschini, F. and Cavazzana, I. Anti-Ro/SSA and La/SSB antibodies. Autoimmunity, 2005, 38(1): p. 55-63.

9. Gao, W., Stalder, T. and Kirschbaum, C. Quantitative analysis of estradiol and six other steroid hormones in human saliva using a high throughput liquid chromato-graphy-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Talanta, 2015, 143: p. 353-358.

10. Moslemi, M., Sattari, M., Kooshki, F. et al. Relationship of Salivary Lactoferrin and Lysozyme Concentrations with Early Childhood Caries. J Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospects, 2015, 9(2): p. 109-14.

11. Yao, Y., Berg, E.A., Costello, C.E., Troxler, R.F. and Oppenheim, F.G. Identification of protein components in human acquired enamel pellicle and whole saliva using novel proteomics approaches. J Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(7): p. 5300-8.

12. Palanisamy, V. and Wong, D.T. Transcriptomic analyses of saliva. Methods Mol. Biol., 2010, 666: p. 43-51.

13. Wilmot, B., Fry, R., Smeester, L. et al. Methylomic analysis of salivary DNA in childhood ADHD identifies altered DNA methylation in VIPR2. J Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2016, 57(2): p. 152-60.

14. Higashi, T., Shibayama, Y., Fuji, M. and Shimada, K. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of salivary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3: a noninvasive tool for the assessment of vitamin D status. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2008, 391(1): p. 229-38.

15. Abdolsamadi, H., Rafieian, N., Goodarzi, M.T. et al. Levels of salivary antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patients with oral lichen planus and healthy individuals. Chonnam. Med. J, 2014, 50(2): p. 58-62.

16. Tanaka, M., Matsunaga, K. and Kadoma, Y. Correlation in inorganic ion concentration between saliva and plaque fluid. J Med. Dent. Sci., 2000, 47(1): p. 55-9.

17. Proctor, G.B. and Carpenter, G.H. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Auton Neurosci., 2007, 133(1): p. 3-18.

18. Dawes, C. Circadian rhythms in human salivary flow rate and composition. J Physiol, 1972, 220(3): p. 529-45.

19. Gupta, N., Gupta, N.D., Goyal, L. et al. The influence of smoking on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and periodontal parameters in smoker and nonsmoker patients with chronic periodontitis: A clinicobiochemical study. J Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res., 2016, 6(Suppl 1): p. S39-S43.

20. Hong, S.W., Seo, D.G., Baik, J.E. et al. Differential profiles of salivary proteins with affinity to Streptococcus mutans lipoteichoic acid in caries-free and caries-positive human subjects. Mol. Oral Microbiol., 2014, 29(5): p. 208-18.

21. Chaudhury, N.M., Proctor, G.B., Karlsson, N.G., Carpenter, G.H. and Flowers, S.A. Reduced Mucin-7 (Muc7) Sialylation and Altered Saliva Rheology in Sjogren’s Syndrome Associated Oral Dryness. Mol. Cell Proteomics, 2016, 15(3): p. 1048-59.

22. Scully, C. Drug effects on salivary glands: dry mouth. Oral Dis., 2003, 9(4): p. 165-76.

23. Granger, D.A., Kivlighan, K.T., Fortunato, C. et al. Integration of salivary biomarkers into developmental and behaviorally-oriented research: problems and solutions for collecting specimens. Physiol. Behav., 2007, 92(4): p. 583-90.

24. Kamodyova, N. and Celec, P. Salivary markers of oxidative stress and Salivette collection systems. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2011, 49(11): p. 1887-90.

25. Ishikawa, S., Sugimoto, M., Kitabatake, K. et al. Effect of timing of collection of salivary metabolomic biomarkers on oral cancer detection. Amino Acids, 2017, 49(4): p. 761-770.

26. Kamodyova, N., Banasova, L., Jansakova, K. et al. Blood Contamination in Saliva: Impact on the Measurement of Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers. Dis. Markers, 2015, 2015: p. 479251.

27. Mohamed, R., Campbell, J.L., Cooper-White, J., Dimeski, G. and Punyadeera, C. The impact of saliva collection and processing methods on CRP, IgE, and Myoglobin immunoassays. Clin. Transl. Med., 2012, 1(1): p. 19.

28. Chevalier, F., Hirtz, C., Chay, S. et al. Proteomic Stu-dies of Saliva: A Proposal for a Standardized Handling of Clinical Samples. Clinical Proteomics, 2007, 3(1): p. 13-21.

29. Lettrichova, I., Tothova, L., Hodosy, J., Behuliak, M. and Celec, P. Variability of salivary markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in young healthy individuals. Redox Rep., 2015.

30. Vijay, A., Inui, T., Dodds, M., Proctor, G. and Carpenter, G. Factors That Influence the Extensional Rheo-logical Property of Saliva. PLoS One, 2015, 10(8): p. e0135792.

Labels

Clinical biochemistry Nuclear medicine Nutritive therapist

Online solid phase extraction analytical system coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for clinical applications.

Initial study of FGF 23 measurement by LIAISON FGF 23 method

Vitamin K and its importance in laboratory medicine

Determination of Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (CDT) by various analytical techniques

Article was published in

Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism

2018 Issue 1