#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#
CS
proLékaře.cz / Journals / General Practitioner / 2024 - 1

Snus – the new and former support agent: for how long?

Czech version

Authors: J. Novák
Authors‘ workplace: Vedoucí: doc. MUDr. Aleš Kroužecký, Ph. D. ;  Lékařská fakulta v Plzni ;  Ústav sportovní medicíny a aktivního zdraví ;  Univerzita Karlova v Praze
Published in: Prakt. Lék. 2024; 104(1): 3-13
Category: Reviews

Overview

Classic snus is a pouch filled with moistened tobacco that the user puts in his mouth, usually between his upper lip and gum. The main ingredient in snus in today’s products is special moist, high-quality, sliced tobacco. In addition to tobacco, snus contains various food flavors and salts that envelop its flavor and extend its durability. Snusing is one way to ingest nicotine without exposing the user to the risk of side effects from other substances that occur when smoking combusted tobacco. The amount of nicotine ingested by cigarette smokers and snusers is about the same. However, depending on the amount of snus used, its "strength" and the length of time the snus stays in the mouth, a snus user can absorb significantly more nicotine than a cigarette smoker. Snus consumption is also quite common among athletes, even at the level of top athletes and Olympians. A psychoactive substance such as nicotine increases alertness, improves coordination, and favorably affects cognitive performance. If a positive effect on athletic performance was proven, it can be assumed that the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) would intervene and include snus among prohibited substances or procedures. Currently, snus is part of WADA’s surveillance program. Snus products not only from Scandinavia are commonly available on the Czech market. Nicotine pouches are an alternative. They no longer contain tobacco, but they do contain the active ingredient nicotine. After several years of hesitation, an amendment to Act No. 65/2017 Coll. on Health Protection against the Harmful Effects of Addictive Substances, which includes a ban on the sale of nicotine pouches to children and youth under 18 years of age, came into force. Due to the serious health risks, there is still a need to warn against any form of consumption of tobacco or nicotine products.

Keywords:

snus – snusing – tobacco pouches – nicotine pouches – WADA – athletes and snusing

Sources
  1. Alex. Snus im Profifussball – Hysterie in der Premier League. SnusMarkt.ch, 5. 10. 2019.
  2. Arefalk G, Hambraeus K, Lind L, et al. Discontinuation of smokeless tobacco and mortality risk after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2014; 130(4): 325–332.
  3. Asplund K. Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003; 45(5): 383–394.
  4. Barclay T. English football fears„snus“ connection is causing injuries with smokeless tea-bag style nicotine pouch rife in game. The Sun, 18. 8. 2021 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.thesun.co.uk/ sport/football/15896680/snus-addiction-fears-english-football/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  5. Bolinder G, Alfredsson L, Englund A, de Faire U. Smokeless tobacco use and increased cardiovascular mortality among Swedish construction workers. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 399–404.
  6. Bolinder G. Overview of knowledge of health effects of smokeless tobacco. Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality because of snuff. Lakartidningen 1997; 94: 3725–3731.
  7. Cullip M. Why shouldn’t footballers use snus? The FA should rise above this confected outrage over oral tobacco. Spiked, 3. 4. 2018 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.spiked-online.com/2018/04/03/why-shouldnt-footballers-use-snus/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  8. de Wit H, Bodker B, Ambre J. Rate of increase of plasma drug level influences subjective response in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1992; 107(2–3): 352–358.
  9. Digard H, Proctor C, Kularekaran A, et al. Determination of nicotine absorption from multiple tobacco products and nicotine gum. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013; 15(1): 255–261.
  10. estranky.cz. Snus – švédský žvýkací tabák – Nejznámější značky [online]. Dostupné z: https://snus.estranky.cz/clanky/nejznamejsi-znacky.html [cit. 2024-03-04].
  11. Fant RV, Henningfield JE, Nelson RA, Pickworth WB. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans. Tob Control. 1999; 8: 387–392. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
  12. Frey A. Die neue Lieblingsdroge der Fußballer [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/geist-soziales/ snus-die-neue-lieblingsdroge-der-fussballer-15619869.html  [cit. 2024-03-04].
  13. Grounds B. What is ‘snus’ and why are so many Premier League footballers using it? [online]. Dostupné z: https://inews.co.uk/ sport/football/snus-what-is-it-why-premier-league-footballers-jamie-vardy-illegal-uk-140166 [cit. 2024-03-04].
  14. Hansson J, Galanti MR, Hergens MP, et al. Use of snus and acute myocardial infarction: Pooled analysis of eight prospective observational studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012; 27(10): 771–779.
  15. Haypp.com. Snus and exercising. Swedish snus impact on fitness and strength [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.haypp.com/uk/ nicopedia/snus-and-exercising/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  16. Hergens MP, Ahlbom A, Andersson T, Pershagen G. Swedish moist snuff and myocardial infarction among men. Epidemiology 2005; 16(1): 12–16.
  17. Holm H, Jarvis MJ, Russell MA, Feyerabend C. Nicotine intake and dependence in Swedish snuff takers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1992; 108(4): 507–511.
  18. Huhtasaari F, Lundberg V, Eliasson M, et al. Smokeless tobacco as a possible risk factor for myocardial infarction: A population based study in middle-aged men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34(6): 1784–1790.
  19. Chiamulera C, Tam E, Baraldo M. Effects of snus administration on sport performance [online]. Dostupné z: https://www. wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/final_ report_13c35cc_pr._chiamulera.pdf [cit. 2024-03-04].
  20. Janzon E, Hedblad B. Swedish snuff and incidence of cardiovascular disease. A population-based cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009; 9: 21.
  21. JPM. Vyzkoušeli jsme za vás. Nikotinové sáčky Lyft, neboli„kouření budoucnosti“. [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.expres.cz/jen promuze/lifestyle/lyft-nikotinove-sacky-budoucnost-koureni. A191112_165047_jpm-start_lare [cit. 2024-03-04].
  22. Langrock A. Die Liga im Rausch. Zeit Online. 5. 4. 2018 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.zeit.de/sport/2018-03/snus-fuss ball-eishockey-aufputschmittel-trenddroge [cit. 2024-03-04].
  23. Lee PN. The effect on health of switching from cigarettes to snus-a review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013; 66(1): 1–5.
  24. Letlape K. Snus ‘best thing that ever happened’ in Scandinavia: medical expert. Snusforumet, 28. 9. 2021 [online]. Dostupné z: https://snusforumet.se/en/snus-best-thing-that-has-ever-hap pened-in-scandinavia-medical-expert/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  25. Lorenzová B. Znáte SNUS? Nikotinová alternativa žvýkacího tabáku míří i do Česka [online]. Dostupné z: https://g. cz/znate-snus-nikotinova-alternativa-zvykaciho-tabaku  miri-i-do-ceska/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  26. Lund I, Lund KE. How has the availability of snus influenced cigarette smoking in Norway? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11(11): 11705–11717.
  27. Lund I, Scheffels J. Adolescent tobacco use practices and user profiles in a mature Swedish moist snuff (snus) market: Results from a school-based cross-sectional study. Scand J Public Health 2016; (7): 646–653.
  28. Pancíř T, Odložilová P. V líbivé krabičce s příchutí žvýkačky. Nikotinové sáčky si mohou děti koupit bez omezení, varuje Hrzalová. iRozhlas 10. 5. 2022 [online]. Dostupné z: https:// www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/nikotinove-sacky-deti-prichut_2207050010_pj [cit. 2024-03-04].
  29. Peters E. Doping-Experte Sörgel: „Sportler vor sich selbst schützen“. Bild, 9. 6.2018 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www. bild.de/sport/fussball/hoffenheim/doping-experte-warnt-vor-snus-55951174.bild.html [cit. 2024-03-04].
  30. Robichaud MO, Seidenberg AB, Byron MJ. (2020). Tobacco companies introduce “tobacco-free” nicotine pouches. Tob Control. 2020; 29(e1): e145–e146.
  31. Rohani M, Agewall S. Oral snuff impairs endothelial function in healthy snuff users. J Intern Med. 2004; 255(3): 379–383.
  32. Salokannel M, Ollila E. Snus and snus-like nicotine products moving across Nordic borders: Can laws protect young people? Nordisk Alkohol Nark. 2021; 38(6): 540–554.
  33. Scheffels J, Lund I. Cute as candy: A qualitative study of perceptions of snus branding and package design among youth in Norway. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(4): e012837.
  34. Scheifers N. Die Lieblingsdroge der Fußballer: Snus sorgt für Diskussionen [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.fussballtransfers.com/a6763556159085734642-die-lieblingsdroge-der-fussballer-snus-sorgt-fuer-diskussionen [cit. 2024-03-04].
  35. Stanfill S, Tran H, Tyx R, et al. Characterization of total and unprotonated (free) nicotine content of nicotine pouch products. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021; 23(9): 1590–1596.
  36. Sugiishi M, Takatsu F. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm. Circulation 1993; 87(1): 76–79.
  37. Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: A case-control study. Lancet 2006; 368(9536): 647–658.
  38. Vitásek P. Zrádné nikotinové sáčky nepodléhají zákonné regulaci a mohou vést k závislosti. Deník.cz 30. 9. 2020 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.denik.cz/cesi-a-zavislosti-koureni/zradne-nikot inove-sacky-nepodlehaji-zakonne-regulaci-a-mohou-vest-k-zavislosti-2.html [cit. 2024-03-04].
  39. Vyhláška č. 141/2023 Sb. Vyhláška o nikotinových sáčcích bez obsahu tabáku [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.zakonyprolidi. cz/cs/2023-141 [cit. 2024-03-04].
  40. Ali WM, Al-Aqeedi RF, Gehani A. Acute myocardial infarction in a young adult male associated with the use of smokeless tobacco (Sweka). Heart Views. 2011; 12(4): 169–172.
  41. Westman EC. Does smokeless tobacco cause hypertension.? South Med J. 1995; 88(7): 7160150720.
  42. Wikihow. Jak užívat snus [online]. Dostupné z: https://www. wikihow.cz/Jak-u%C5%BE%C3%ADvat-snus [cit. 2024-03-04].
  43. Wikipedie. Žvýkací tabák [online]. Dostupné z: https://cs.wiki pedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDv%C3%BDkac%C3%AD_tab%C3%A1k [cit. 2024-03-04].
  44. Wikipedia. Effects of nicotine on human brain development [online]. Dostupné z: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_ nicotine_on_human_brain_development [cit. 2024-03-04].
  45. Wooller S, Pollard C. Hundreds of top footballers like Jamie Vardy who use ‘snus’ nicotine are warned they’re putting ‘poison in their mouths’. The Sun, 31. 3. 2018 [online]. Dostupné z: https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/5942381/snus-nico tine-cancer-risk-warning-jamie-vardy/ [cit. 2024-03-04].
  46. Ye D, Rahman I. Emerging oral nicotine products and periodontal diseases. Int J Dent. 2023; 2023: 9437475.
  47. Zandonai T, Tam E, Bruseghini P, et al. The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance. J Sport Health Sci. 2018; 7(4): 4650150472.
  48. Zandonai T, Botrè F, Abate MG, et al. Should we be concerned with nicotine in sport? Analysis from 60,802 doping control tests in Italy. Sports Med. 2023; 53(6): 1273–1279.

adresa pro korespondenci:
MUDr. Jaroslav Novák, Ph.D.
Ústav sportovní medicíny a aktivního zdraví LF UK
Lidická 6, 301 00 Plzeň e-mail: novakj@lfp.cuni.cz

Labels
General practitioner for children and adolescents General practitioner for adults
Fezolinetant, the neurokinin 3 receptor antagonist in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in perimenopause
Non-pharmacological treatment procedures used in patients suffering from dementia
Occupational diseases reported in the Czech Republic in 2023
Methods of measuring limb oedema volume: a literature review
Risk of sudden cardiac attack and the number of push-ups managed
Purkyne’s Review Živa – its Foundation, Fall and Renewal
Eponyma v medicíně aneb po kom to slovo je
Article was published in

General Practitioner

Issue 1
2024 Issue 1
Most read in this issue
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#