Changes in Paraoxonase 1 activity and concentration of conjugated dienes in connection with number of metabolic syndrome components

Overview

Objective:
Paraoxonase 1 is an antioxidant enzyme with a variety of physiological roles – one of them is the inhibition of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) lipid peroxidation and inactivation of LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the PON1 activity and levels of conjugated dienes in precipitated LDL (CD/LDL) in subjects, who fulfill different numbers of metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria.

Design:
Cross-sectional study

Settings:
4^th Department of Internal Medicine, 1^st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital Prague

Material and methods:
The population under study consisted of 354 Caucasian subjects (188 females/166 males) divided into 6 groups according to the number of presented components of metabolic syndrome. All groups were age matched. The activity of paraoxonase 1 and concentration of conjugated dienes in precipitated LDL (CD/LDL) were both assessed spectrophotometrically.

Results:
The activity of PON1 was significantly decreased in subjects with all 5 components of MetS in comparison with those with 0 to 3 components of MetS (p < 0.05). The concentrations of CD/LDL were increased in subjects with 4 or 5 components of MetS compared to subjects with 0-3 components of MetS (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
As was shown in this study, the levels of PON1 are extensively affected by the concentration of HDL-C and ApoA1. PON1 activity is depressed and CD/LDL levels are increased mainly in subjects who fulfill all five criteria of MetS.

Keywords:
Paraoxonase 1, conjugated dienes, metabolic syndrome components.

Introduction

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1; EC 3.1.8.1.) is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the blood, where associates with HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles [1]. In ancho-ring of PON1 to HDL through Apo-A1, the hydrophobic N terminus of PON1 is thought to be involved [2].

A variety of physiological roles have been proposed for PONs. Serum PON1 catalyzes the hydrolysis and thereby the inactivation of oxons like paraoxon, is also able to hydrolyze the nerve agents sarin and soman. In addition, PON1 hydrolyzes arylesters and different aromatic and aliphatic lactones as well as cyclic carbonates [3-6]. It was hypothesizes that the physiological substrates could be some derivatives of fatty acid oxidation process such as 5-hydroxy - 6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z -eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) lactone that resides in HDL or some lactones which are consumed as food ingredients or drug metabolites. Furthermore was shown that homocysteine thiolactone is naturally occurring substrate of PON1 [7].

In vitro assays demonstrated that PON1 can inhibit LDL (low-density lipoprotein) lipid peroxidation and inactivate LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. This could potentially reduce the serum content of the oxidized lipids involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis [8,9]. Furthermore was shown, that PON1 have also peroxidase-like activity [10,11] – it is capable to hydrolyze hydrogen peroxide, reduce lipoprotein pe-roxides (by 19  %) and cholesteryl linoleate hydrope-roxides (by 90 %).

One of the most sensitive indicators of lipid peroxidation is supposed to be the concentration of conjugated dienes in precipitated LDL (CD/LDL) [12].

The aim of this study was to investigate the PON1 activity and levels of CD/LDL in subjects, who fulfil different numbers of metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria. The main components of MetS are accumulation of intraabdominal fat, impaired metabolism of glucose, atherogenic dyslipidemia (low HDL cholesterol, hypertriacylglyceridemia) and arterial hypertension.

Materials and methods

Settings and subjects

This cross-sectional study was carried out at the 4^th Department of Internal Medicine of the General University Hospital in Prague from January 2012 to July 2015. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board and the Ethics Committee of the General University Hospital in Prague. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

The population under study consisted of 354 Caucasian subjects (188 females/166 males) divided into 6 groups according to the number of presented components of metabolic syndrome. All groups were age matched.

For the definition of metabolic syndrome components the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation [13] were used: central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women), raised TG level (≥ 1.7 mmol/l), reduced HDL-C (< 1.03 mmol/l in males and < 1.29 mmol/l in females), or specific treatment for these abnormalities, raised blood pressure (BP): systolic BP ^> 130 (16.25kPa) or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg (10.625kPa), or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension, raised fasting plasma glucose (≥ 5.6 mmol/l), or previously diagnosed type 2 of diabetes mellitus.

Exclusion criteria for all groups were the following: current antioxidant therapy kidney disease (creatinine > 150 µmol/l), clinically manifest proteinuria (urinary protein > 500 mg/l), and liver cirrhosis, malignancies, chronic immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapy, as well as chemotherapy. Further criteria for exclusion were: contraception, acute and chronic pancreatitis; heart insufficiency (NYHAIII/IV), unstable angina pectoris, stage within 1 year after acute myocardial infarction, respectively coronaro-aorto bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention, and stroke.

Blood samples

Blood samples were collected after a 12 hour overnight fast, puncturing a peripheral vein. All samples were marked with unique anonymized identification numbers, merging data only after assays had been completed. All parameters were assessed in serum. Serum was prepared following coagulation in vacutainer tubes; by centrifugation at 3500 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min. Samples were stored at -80 °C until the assay.

Methods

The arylesterase activity of PON1 was measured according to the method of Eckerson et al. (1983) [14] using phenylacetate as a substrate. The rate of phenol generation was monitored at 270 nm. Blank was run for each sample. Arylesterase activity of PON1 was calculated using the molar extinction coefficient of the produced phenol, 1310 M-1cm-1 and expressed as U/ml serum (U = μmol/min), as described earlier [15].

The concentration of CD in precipitated LDL was determined by the modified spectrophotometric method of Wieland at 234 nm [16,17]. All routine clinical tests were measured in Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of General University Ho-spital in Prague.

The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated as HOMA-IR = [fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) * fasting serum insulin (µU/ml)]/22.5 [18].

Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median (25th-75th percentile) for data different from normal distribution. Normality of the distribution was tested by the Shapiro-Wilks W test. Comparisons between the groups were carried out by one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls post test. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used for non-parametric comparisons. Spearman correlation coefficients were used for correlation analyses. All analyses were performed using version 12.0 of StatSoft Statistica software (2013, CZ). The p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Table 1 summarizes basic clinical and biochemical data of the studied groups. As shown in Table 1 with increasing number of presented components of me-tabolic syndrome, the increase in levels of BMI, waist circumference, triacylglycerols, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR and decrease in HDL-C and ApoA1 levels were observed.

The activity of PON1 was significantly decreased in subjects, who fulfill all 5 components of MetS in comparison with those, who fulfil 0 to 3 components of MetS. The concentrations of conjugated dienes in precipitated LDL were increased in subjects with 4 or 5 components of MetS compared to subjects with 0-3 components of MetS (Fig. 1).

We have also studied, if obesity or hypertension influences the levels of PON1 and CD/LDL; subjects with no component of MetS were compared with subjects with only one component (obesity or hypertension) of MetS. There was no difference between obese and non-obese subjects in activity of PON1 (163.4 ± 42.3 vs. 167.3 ± 39.2 U/ml; p = 0.63) or in concentration of CD/LDL (0.0177 ± 0.008 vs. 0.016 ± 0.004; p = 0.22). And also no difference in PON1 activity (167.2 ± 38.8 vs. 169.2 ± 40.0 U/ml; p = 0.85) or CD/LDL levels (0.0155 ± 0.0045 vs. 0.0162 ± 0.0045; p = 0.55) between subjects with and without hypertension was observed.

Strong correlation between PON1 activity and concentrations of HDL-C (r = 0.331; p < 0.001), ApoA1 (r = 0.334; p < 0.001) and TC (r = 0.324; p < 0.001) was observed. The levels of conjugated dienes correlated with concentrations of TC (r = -0.388; p < 0.001) TG (r = 0.304; p < 0.001) and HDL-C (r = -0.303; p < 0.001).

Studied subjects were also divided into 3 groups according to the levels of HDL-C and ApoA1. As shown in Fig. 2, the activity of PON1 was the lowest in subjects with depressed levels of both HDL-C and ApoA1 (H+A) and the highest in subjects with normal levels of both HDL-C and ApoA1 (N).

Discussion and Conclusion

The arylesterase activity of PON1 and levels of CD/LDL were measured in subjects with different numbers of presented components of MetS. Decreased acti-vity of PON1 was found in subjects with 5 presented components of MetS compared to subjects with fewer components of MetS. The levels of CD/LDL were increased in subjects with 5 and 4 presented components of MetS in comparison with subjects with fewer components of MetS.

In our previous study we have investigated the activities of PON1 in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared with healthy controls [19] and found decreased PON1 activity and increased concentration of conjugated dienes in subjects with MetS compared to healthy controls. Also in other studies [20-23] decreased PON1 activity in MetS patients was observed. However in studies of Tabur et al. (2010) [24], Yilmaz et al. (2010) [25] and Lagos et al. (2009) [26] equivalent levels of PON1 in MetS patients and in CON were found. As was shown in this study PON1 activity is depressed mainly in subjects who fulfill all five criteria of MetS, in subjects with severe form of MetS. These findings could help to explain the inconsistent results in PON1 activity in MetS subjects.

Strong positive correlation between PON1 activity and HDL and ApoA1 concentrations were found in our studied subjects. When the subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the levels of HDL-C and ApoA1, it was shown, that subjects with decreased levels of both HDL-C a ApoA1 have the lowest PON1 activity, whereas subjects with normal levels of both HDL-C and ApoA1 the highest PON1 activity among the stu-died subjects. It could be hypothesize, that changes in composition of HDL influence the activity and function of PON1.

Several mechanisms are supposed to decrease PON1 activity, not only the changes in HDL composition. It was shown, that increased oxidative stress connected with elevated levels of oxidized LDL cause inactivation of PON1. Oxidized LDL appears to inactivate PON1 through interactions between the enzyme’s free sulfhydryl group and oxidized lipids, which are formed during LDL oxidation [26]. Also in our study levels of markers of lipid peroxidation (CD/LDL) were increased in subjects with decreased PON1 activity.

Other reason for the decrease in PON1 activity could be the glycation of the enzyme, which takes place as was shown in diabetes mellitus [27]. The acute phase response could also lead to the decreased activities of PON1 which are caused by the down-regulation of liver PON1 mRNA [28].

This study has shown that the levels of PON1 are extensively affected by the concentration of HDL-C and ApoA1. PON1 activity is depressed and CD/LDL levels are increased mainly in subjects who fulfill all five criteria of MetS.

Acknowledgement: This study and preparation of this manuscript was supported by the research project NT13199 of Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic

Do redakce došlo: 1. 2. 2016

Adresa pro korespondenci

RNDr. Lucie Vávrová, Ph.D.

Laboratoř pro výzkum aterosklerózy

1.LF UK Praha

Na Bojišti 3

120 00 Praha 2

e-mail: vavrova3@seznam.cz