Epidermolytická hyperkeratóza vulvy asociovaná s bazocelulárním karcinomem u pacientky s vaginálním condyloma acuminatum a vaginální intraepiteliální neoplazií infikovanými HPV typu 42

Souhrn

Výskyt bazocelulárního karcinomu vulvy je vzácný. Autoři popisují případ 79-leté ženy s anamnézou vaginálního condyloma acuminatum a vaginální intraepiteliální neoplazie 3 (VaIN 3), která měla solitární lézi bělavé barvy s centrální deskvamací, velikosti 8x5 mm v oblasti velkého labia vulvy vpravo. Histopatologické vyšetření prokázalo typický obraz superficiálního a nodulárního bazocelulárního karcinomu. Navíc zde byla přítomná nápadná mnohočetná ložiska epidermolytické hyperkeratózy. Tato ložiska se nacházela v místě superficiálního bazocelulárního karcinomu anebo byla ostře ohraničena od tumoru. Retrospektivní molekulárně biologické vyšetření prokázalo infekci lidskými papilomaviry typu 42, a to jak ve vzorku pocházejícího z vaginálního condyloma acuminatum, tak z VaIN 3, nikoliv však z bazocelulárního karcinomu spojeného s epidermolytickou hyperkeratózou. Podle našich nejlepších znalostí postižení ženského genitálního systému epidermolytickou hyperkeratózou je velmi vzácné s dosud 6 publikovanými případy. Znalost výskytu epidermolytické hyperkeratózy v této oblasti a jeho správné rozpoznání je důležité, neboť může být nesprávně interpretované jako viry způsobená léze.

Klíčová slova:
vulva – bazocelulární karcinom – epidermolytická hyperkeratóza – lidský papilomavirus

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) are both rare in the vulva. We are reporting on an unusual case of BCC carcinoma associated with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis involving the lower female genital tract, a previously unreported event in a patient who also had other lesions in the lower female genital tract, including condyloma acuminatum and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

CASE REPORT

A 79-year-old woman presented with a solitary whitish lesion sized 8 x 5 mm with a central desquamation located on the right labium majus. Histopathologic examination revealed a typical superficial and nodular BCC (Fig. 1A). Additionally, there were multiple remarkable foci of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis composed of cells with cytoplasmic clearing and amphophilic fibrillar material in the lower spinous layer and coarse keratohyaline granules and eosinophilic globules in the upper spinous layer accompanied with compact hyperkeratosis. These foci both merged with superficial BCC or were sharply demarcated from the tumor (Fig. 1B).

The patient´s medical history included an excision of an intravaginal condyloma acuminatum two years ago (Fig. 2B) and a focus of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (VaIN 3) from a vaginal vault examined a year ago (Fig. 2C). There was no history of radiotherapy of the pelvic region, immunosuppression or previous trauma in the vulvar region (such as a burn). A retrospective molecular-biological examination performed by PCR and sequencing using general GP5+/6+, and HPV type-specific primers of all the available material revealed HPV type 42 in both the condyloma acuminatum and VaIN 3 specimen retrospectively, but not in the BCC associated with EH.

DISCUSSION

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) is an abnormality of epidermal maturation characterized by compact hyperkeratosis, accompanied by granular and vacuolar degeneration of the cells of the spinous and granular layers (1). It may be a congenital or an acquired defect and usually is most commonly identified as a small incidental focus in a specimen submitted for another lesion. This reaction pattern has been described in a variety of acquired solitary skin lesions including fibro-inflammatory lesions, benign and malignant neoplasms (1-4).

Involvement of the lower female genitalia by EH is a rare finding with six cases published to date (5-9). It may occur as a localized/isolated finding or in association with an oral mucosal lesion or as a part of a generalized keratinopathy. Awareness of EH in this location and its distinction is important because it may be potentially misinterpreted as a viral condyloma or even molluscum contagiosum.

Our case represents a co-occurrence of two rare findings on the vulva, i.e. a focus of EH in association with BCC which is an unusual neoplasm in this location. The question is whether these two findings, i.e. EH and BCC are coincidental or related. It is well-known that ultraviolet radiation is an important etiologic factor for BCCs on sun-exposed areas but their occurrence in locations not exposed to the sun raises the possibility of other, not yet defined, etiologic agents. It is interesting in this regard to note that Carlson et al. (10) suggested that it was a possible consequence of clonal expansion of mutated keratinocytes because of long-term exposure to mutagens such as UV light and HPV, thus explaining the presence of EH around neoplastic skin tumors as a reflection of a field cancerization, i.e. multiple genetic defects in tissue, most of which does not result in cancer. Apart from EH, two other “incidental” findings namely acantholytic dyskeratosis and pronounced acantholysis as found in Hailey-Hailey (10) disease may be considered to be a similar phenomenon. The development of cancers in these regions would be expected to be higher than in areas without these reaction patterns because of the greater possibility of a second mutation leading to malignancy in the mutated population (10).In our case, we identified HPV type 42 in the condyloma acuminatum and VaIN 3 specimens but not in the specimen of BCC associated with EH. This low-risk type of HPV belonging to the alpha papillomavirus genus with mucosal tissue tropism has been previously detected in patients with condylomata acuminate (11). Our failure in detection of HPV in vulvar BCC is consistent with other investigations, which have also failed to detect HPV in BCCs from perianal and genital skin (12-14).

Correspondence address:

Denisa Kacerovska, MD, PhD

Šikl’s Department of Pathology, Charles University,

Medical Faculty Hospital,

Alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic

phone: +420-737220482, Fax: +420-377104650

e-mail: kacerovska@medima.cz