Smoking and cardiovascular diseases
Authors:
D. Hrubá 1; V. Soška 2; J. Fiala 1; K. Nebeská 1
Authors‘ workplace:
Ústav preventivního lékařství
Lékařská fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, Brno
Přednostka: prof. MUDr. Zuzana Brázdová, DrSc.
1; Oddělení klinické biochemie
Fakultní nemocnice u Sv. Anny, Brno
Přednosta: doc. MUDr. Vladimír Soška, CSc.
2
Published in:
Prakt. Lék. 2009; 89(2): 70-75
Category:
Various Specialization
Overview
The strong associations between smoking and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been documented not only in many epidemiologic studies but also through the determination of objective risk and protective factors and the mechanisms of their modifications by smoking. This review is concerned namely with the influence of smoking on serum lipids and haemocoagulation factors. Smoking cessation has a clear and significant beneficial effect on the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality manifested within two to twenty years of abstinence. With this in mind, there is a great opportunity for a complex and comprehensive approach to public health education that also includes taking both political and economic steps to support it.
Key words:
cardiovascular diseases, smoking, risk factors, mechanisms of action, prevention.
Sources
1. Adam, B., Cetinkaya, F., Malatyahoglu, E., Gurses, N. Cigarette smoking and lipid and lipoproteins in cord plasma. Jpn. Heart. J. 1993, 34, p. 759-762.
2. Anand, S.S., Islam, S., Rosengren, A. et al. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men; insights from the INTERHEART study. Eur. Heart. J. 2008, 29, p. 932-940.
3. Benowitz, N.L. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. N. Eng. J. Med. 1988, 319, p. 1318-1330.
4. Berg, G., Mesch, V., Boero, L. et al. Lipid and lipoprotein profile in menopausan transition. Effects of hormones, age and fat distribution. Horm. Metab. Res. 2004, 36, p. 215-220.
5. Bielicki, J.K., Mc Call, M.R., Van den Berg, J.J. et al. Copper and gas-phase cigarette smoke inhibit plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity by different mechanisms. J. Lipid. Res. 1995, 36, p. 322-331.
6. Block, G., Jensen, C., Dietrich, M. et al. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2004, 23, p. 141-147.
7. Bloomer, R.J., Solis, A.D., Fisher-Wellman, K.H., Smith, W.A. Postprandial oxidative stress is exacerbated in cigarette smokers. Br. J. Nutrition 2008, 99, p. 1055-1060.
8. Brown, M.S., Goldstein, J.L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Res. Biochem. 1983, 52, p. 223-261.
9. Campbell, S.Ch., Moffatt, R.J., Stamford, B.A. Smoking and smoking cessation – the relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: A review. Atherosclerosis 2008, 201(2), p. 225-235.
10. Craig, W.Y., Palomaki, G.E., Haddow, J.E. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. Br. Med. J. 1989, 298, p. 784-788.
11. Doll, R., Hill, J.B. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. Br. Med. J. 1954, 1, p. 1451-1455.
12. Doll. R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., Sutherland, I. Mortaliry in relation to smoking: 50 years´ observations on male British doctors. Br. Med. J. 2004, 328, p. 1519-1528.
13. Eliasson, B., Attvall, S., Taskinen, M.R., Smith, U. The insulin resistance syndrome in smokers is related to smoking habits. Arteriosc. Thromb. 1994, 14, p. 1946-1950.
14. Esterbauer, H., Schaur, R.J., Zollner, H. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1991, 11, p. 81-128.
15. Fraser, R., Clark, S.A., Rey, W.A., Murray, F.E. Nicotine decreases the porosity of rat liver: a possible mechanism for hypercholesterolemia. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1988, 69, p. 345-350.
16. Freeman, D.J., Caslake, M.J., Griffin, B.A. et al. The effect of smoking on post-heparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase, cholesterol ester transfer protein and lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activities in human plasma. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 28, p. 584-591.
17. Girdhar, G., Xu, S., Jesty, J., Bluestein, D. In vitro model of platelet-endothelial activation due to cigarette smoke under cardiovascular circulation conditions. Ann. Biomed. Engineering 2008, 36(7): p. 1142-1151.
18. Girdhar, G., Xu, S., Jesty, J., Bluestein, D. Reduced nicotine cigarettes increase platelet activation in smokers in vivo: a dilemma in harm reduction. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2008, 10(12): p. 1737-1744.
19. Goldhaber, S.Z., Grodstein, F., Stampfer, M.J. et al. A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA 1997, 277, p. 642-645.
20. Goldhaber, S.Z., Savage, D.D., Garrison, R.J. et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism. The Framingham Study. Am. J. Med. 1983, 74, p. 1023-1028.
21. Hansson, P.O., Eriksson, H., Welin, L. et al. Smoking and abdominal obesity: Risk factors for venous thrombolism among middle-aged men: „The study of men born in 1913“. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999, 159, p. 1886-1890.
22. Hellerstein, M.K., Benowitz, N.L., Neese, R.A. et al. Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, p. 265-272.
23. Hogg, N., Kalyanaraman, B. Nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation. Review. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1411, p. 378-384.
24. Hunter, K.A., Garlick, P.J., Broom, I. et al. Effects of smoking and absention from smoking on fibrinogen synthesis in humans. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2001, 100, p. 459-465.
25. Chávez, J., Cano, C., Souki, A. et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on the oxidant/ antioxidant balance in healthy subjects. Am. J. Therapeut. 2007, 14(2), p. 189-193.
26. Chen, C., Lo, G. Cigarette smoke extract inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 1995, 112, p. 177-185.
27. Chrette-Brown, J., Mulligan, J., Doyle, K. et al. Oral nicotine induces on atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1986, 182, p. 409-413.
28. Iscan, A., Yigrroglu, M.R., Ece, A. et al. The effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on cord blood lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels. Jpn. Heart J. 1997, 38, p. 497-502.
29. Kannel, W.B., Levy, D. Menopause, hormones, and cardiovascular vulnerability in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, p. 479-481.
30. Kalyanaraman, B., Gutterman, D. Prologue: vascular effects of free radicals. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2003, 285, p. 2253-2254.
31. Kinlay, S., Dobson, A.J., Heller, R.F. et al. Lipid and apolipoprotein levels in an Australian community. Med. J. Aust. 2001, 154, p. 170-175.
32. Klein, J.A., Ackerman, S.L. Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and neurodegeneration. Review. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 111, p. 785-793.
33. Kodama, M., Kaneko, M., Aida, M. et al. Free radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its implication in human cancer. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17, p. 433-437.
34. Lang, N.N., Guomundsdóttir, I.J., Bonn, N.A. et al. Marked impairment of Protease-Activated Receptor type 1 – mediated vasodilatation and fibrinolysis in cigarette smokers. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 52, p. 33-39.
35. Lawlor, D.A., Ebrahim, S., Davey- Smith, G. Sex matters: secular and geographical trends in sex differences in coronary heart disease mortality. BMJ 2001, 323, p. 541-545.
36. Mackay, J., Eriksen, M., Shafey, O. The Tobacco Atlas. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society, 2006. 128 s.
37. Maeda, K., Noguchi, Y., Fukui, T. The effect of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoproteins profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev. Med. 2003, 37, p. 283-290.
38. Mahley, R.W., Rall, S.C. Jr. Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Gen. 2000, 1, p. 507-537.
39. Mc Hill, H.C. Smoking and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1990, 273, p. 9-16.
40. Mjos, O.D. Lipid effects of smoking. Am. Heart J. 1988, 115, p. 272-275.
41. Miller, G.J., Bauer, K.A., Cooper, J.A., Rosenberg, R.D. Activation of the coagulant pathway in cigarette smokers. Thromb. Haemost. 1998, 79, p. 549-553.
42. Moffatt, R.J., Biggerstaff, K.D., Stamfond, B.A. Effects of the transdermal nicotine patch on normalization of HDL-C and its subfractions. Prev. Med. 2000, 31, p. 148-152.
43. MRFIT Research Group. Relationship between baseline risk factors and coronary heart disease and total mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Prev. Med. 1986, 15, p. 254- 260.
44. Premkumar, K., Bowlus, C.L. Ascorbic acid does not increase the oxidative stress induced by dietary iron in C3H mice. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, p. 435-438.
45. Ruhle, W., Graf von Ballestrem, C.L., Pult, H.M., Gnirs, J. Correlation in cotinine levels in amniotic fluid, umbilical artery blood and maternal blood. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1995, 55, s. 156-159.
46. Samarma, M.M. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: The Sinus study. Arch. Int. Med. 2000, 160, p. 3415-3420.
47. Shao, B., O´Brien, K.D., McDonald, T.O. et al. Acrolein modifies apolipoprotein A-1 line in the human artery wall. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2005, 1043, p. 396-403.
48. Sinha, S., Luben, R.N., Weich, A. et al. Fibrinogen and cigarette smoking in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) population. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2005, 12, p. 144-150.
49. Slow, R.C.M., Sato, H., Mann, G.E. Heme oxygenase carbon monoxide signaling pathway in atherosclerosis: antiatherogenic actions of bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Cardiol. Res. 1999, 41, p. 385-394.
50. Stampfer, M.J., Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E. et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343, p. 16-22.
51. Stocker, R., Keaney, J.F. Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol. Rev. 2003, 84, p. 1381-1478.
52. Sytkowski, P.A., D´Agostino, R.B., Belanger, A., Kannel, W. Sex and time trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study 1950-1989. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 143, p. 338- 350.
53. Tamamizu-Kato, Sh., Wong, J.Y., Jairam, V. et al. Modification by acrolein, a component of tobacco smoke and age-related oxidative stress, mediates functional impairment of human apolipoprotein E. Biochemistry 2007, 46(28), p. 8392–8400.
54. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease. A report of Surgeon General. Rockville, MD. US Public Health Services, 1983. DHHS Publication DHS 84-50204.
55. Van Eken, B.E., den Heijer, M., Bos, G.M.J. et al. Recurrent venous thrombosis and markers of inflammation. Thromb. Haemost. 2000, 83, p. 536-539.
56. Van Hylckama- Vlieg, A., Rosendaal, F.R. High levels of fibrinogen are associated with the risk of deep venous thrombosis mainly in the elderly. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2003, 1, p. 2677-2678.
57. Wang, W., Ballatori, N. Endogenous glutathione conjugates: occurence and biological function. Review. Pharmacol. Rev. 1998, 50, p. 335-356.
58. Watanabe, K., Eto, K., Furuno, K. et al. Effect of cigarette smoke on lipid peroxidation and liver function tests in rats. Acta. Med. Okayama 1995, 49, p. 271-274.
59. Waters, D., Lesperance, J., Gladstone, P. et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on the angiographic evolution of coronary atherosclerosis: a Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) substudy. Circulation 1996, 94, p. 614-621.
Labels
General practitioner for children and adolescents General practitioner for adultsArticle was published in
General Practitioner
2009 Issue 2
Most read in this issue
- Hand transplantation
- Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused children
- Allergic rhinitis as an occupational disease
- Patient satisfaction with provided care: theoretic approaches and models