Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors:
A. Kolenova
Authors‘ workplace:
Klinika detskej hematológie a onkológie DFNsP a LFUK, Bratislava? prednostka doc. MUDr. A. Kolenová, PhD.
Published in:
Čes-slov Pediat 2015; 70 (2): 99-107.
Category:
Acute leukemias in children
Overview
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. The peak incidence is in 2–5 years old children. Each year there are about 65 new cases diagnosed in the Czech Republic and about 30 new cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Slovak Republic. Clinical picture is variable and reflects the degree of failure of the bone marrow and extramedullary organ involvement. The key diagnostic tests is cytomorphological examination of bone marrow aspirate. To determine the specific subtype of ALL immunophenotype and genotype of leukemia cells are neccessary. The primary treatment modality is chemotherapy, its intensity is given by the degree of risk of relapse and is carried out according to modern international protocols. The chances of long-term cure are currently about 80%. Despite great success in the treatment of ALL, there are still certain subtypes with very poor prognosis.
Key words:
acute lymphoblastic leukemia, clinical presentation, treatment, diagnosis, prognosis
Sources
1. Pui CH. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In: Pui Ch, et al. Childhood Leukemias. Cambridge University Press, 2012: 332–366.
2. Maloney KW, Giller R, Hunger SP. Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of pediatric leukemias.. Adv Pediatr 2012; 59 (1): 329–358.
3. Kaiserová E. Malígne choroby krvi. In: Šašinka M, Šagát T, et al. Pediatria I. zväzok. 2. vyd. Košice: Satus, 2006: 723–732.
4. Trka J, Sramkova L. http://zdravi.e15.cz/clanek/postgradualni-medicina/akutni-lymfoblasticka-leukemie-v-detskem-veku-163562.
5. Kaiserová E, Bubánska E, Oravkinová I, et al. Results of acute lympho-blastic leukemia treatment in children in the Slovak Republic. Memo 2011; 4 (3): 190–195.
6. Pui CH, Carroll WL, et al. Biology, risk stratification, and therapy of pediatric acute leukemias: An Update, 2011. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 (5): 551–565.
7. Inaba H, Greaves M, Mullighan CG. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 2013; 381 (9881): 1943–1955.
8. Schrappe M. Akute Lymphoblastische Leukämien. In: Gadner H. Pädiatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie. Germany, Heidelberg: Springer Medizin Verlag, 2006: 656–676.
9. Starý J. Akutní lymfoblastická leukemie v dětském věku. In: Mayer J, Starý J. Leukemie. Praha: Grada, 2002: 279–297.
10. Šrámková L, Kynčl M, Smíšek P, et al. Bolest kostí a kloubů – častý příznak akutní lymfoblastické leukémie v dětském věku. Čes-slov Pediat 2002; 57: 232–235.
11. Pieters R, Carroll WL. Biology and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2010; 24 (1): 1–18.
12. Mejstříková E, Froňková E, Kalina T, et al. Detection of residual B precursor lymphoblastic leukemia by uniform gating flow cytometry. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54 (1): 62–70.
13. Babušíková O, Števulová L, Fajtová M. Immunophenotyping parameters as prognostic factors in T-acute leukemia patients. Neoplasma 2009; 56 (6): 508–513.
14. Campana D. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2009, 46 (1): 100–106.
15. Mullighan CG. Genomic profiling of B progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology 2011; 24: 489–503.
16. Starý J, et al. ALL IC BFM 2002 – a randomized trial of the I-BFM-SG for the managment of childhood non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Final version of therapy protocol from May 3, 2002.
17. Stanulla M, Schrappe M. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2009; 46 (1): 52–63.
18. Nachman JB, Heerema NA, et al. Outcome of treatment in children with hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2007; 110 (4): 1112–1115.
19. Mann G, Attarbaschi A, Schrappe M, et al. Improved outcome with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a poor prognostic subgroup of infants with mixed-lineage-leukemia (MLL) – rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the Interfant-99 Study. Blood 2010; 116 (15): 2644–2650.
20. Brown P. Treatment of infant leukemias: challenge and promise. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2013; 2013 (1): 131–137. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.131.
21. Schrappe M, Valsecchi MG, Bartram CR, et al. Late MRD response determines relapse risk overall and in subsets of childhood T-cell ALL: results of the AIEOP-BFM-ALL 2000 study. Blood 2011; 118 (8): 2077–2084.
22. Biondi A, Scrappe M, De Lorenczo P, et al. Imatinib after induction for treatment of children and adolescents with Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (EsPhALL): a randomised, open-label, intergroup study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13 (9): 936–945.
23. Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, et al. Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia 2010; 24 (2): 265–284.
24. Salzer WL, Devidas M, Carroll WL, et al. Long-term results of the pediatric oncology group studies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1984–2001: A report from the Children‘s Oncology Group. Leukemia 2010; 24: 355–370.
25. Conter V, Aricò M, Basso G, et al. Long-term results of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) Studies 82, 87, 88, 91 and 95 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2010; 24 (2): 255–264.
26. Haškovec C, Trka J. Molekulárni genetika, s. 100. In: Mayer J, a kol. Leukemie. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2002: 1–357,
27. Flohr T, Schrauder A, Cazzaniga G, et al. Minimal residual disease-directed risk stratification using real-time quantitative PCR analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in the international multicenter trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2008; 22 (4): 771–782.
28. Sramkova L, Muzikova K, Fronkova E, et al. Detectable minimal residual disease before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts extremely poor prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48 (1): 93–100.
29. Fronkova E, Mejstrikova E, Avigad S, et al. Minimal residual disease (MRD) analysis in the non-MRD-based ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol for childhood ALL: is it possible to avoid MRD testing? Leukemia 2008; 22 (5): 989–997.
30. Schrappe M, Valsecchi MG, Bartram CR, et al. Late MRD response determines relapse risk overall and in subsets of childhood T-cell ALL: results of the AIEOP-BFM-ALL 2000 study. Blood 2011; 118 (8): 2077–2084.
31. Henze G, von Stackelberg A. Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In: Pui Ch, et al. Childhood Leukemias. Cambridge University Press, 2012: 367–382.
32. Jeha S, Pui Ch. Risk-adapted treatment of pediatric acute lympho- blastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 23 (5): 973–990.
33. Hunger SP. Expanding clinical trial networks in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (3):169–170.
34. Schrappe M, Nachman J, Masera G, et al. Educational symposium on long-term results of large prospective clinical trials for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1985–2000). Leukemia 2010; 24 (2): 253–254.
35. Stary J, Zimmermann M, Campbell M, et al. Intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the randomized intercontinental trial ALL IC-BFM 2002. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (3): 174–184.
36. Hunger SP, Raetz EA, Loh ML, et al. Improving outcomes for high-risk ALL: translating new discoveries into clinical care. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56 (6): 984–993.
37. Advani SA. New immune strategies for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: antibodies and chimeric antigen receptors. Hematology 2013; 131–137.
38. Hoelzer D. Targeted therapy with monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25 (6): 701–706.
Labels
Neonatology Paediatrics General practitioner for children and adolescentsArticle was published in
Czech-Slovak Pediatrics
2015 Issue 2
Most read in this issue
- Acute myeloid leukemia in children
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- Leukemias in children in the 21st century
- Immunophenotyping and other applications of flow cytometry in acute leukemias