Heavy and binge alcohol drinking and parenting status in the United States from 2006 to 2018: An analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys

English version

Autoři: Sarah McKetta ^aff001; Katherine M. Keyes ^aff001
Působiště autorů: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America ^aff001
Vyšlo v časopise: Heavy and binge alcohol drinking and parenting status in the United States from 2006 to 2018: An analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. PLoS Med 16(11): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002954
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002954

Souhrn

Background

Binge and heavy drinking are preventable causes of mortality and morbidity. Alcohol consumption by women who parent is damaging to child health, and it is concerning that women in the United States in their reproductive years have experienced increased drinking over the past decade. Although media attention has focused on the drinking status of women who are child-rearing, it remains unclear whether binge and heavy drinking vary by parenting status and sex.

Methods and findings

We examined national trends in binge drinking, defined as 5 or more drinks in a single day for men and 4 or more drinks for women, and heavy drinking, defined as 60 or more days with binge episodes in a year. We used survey-weighted logistic regression from the 2006–2018 waves of the cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, N = 239,944 eligible respondents) to study time trends in drinking outcomes by sex, age, and parenting status. Binge drinking increased for both sexes in nearly all age groups, with the largest increase among women ages 30–44 without children (from 21% reporting binge drinking in 2006 to 42% in 2018); the exception was young men (ages 18–29) with children, among whom binge drinking declined. By 2012, the prevalence of binge drinking among young men with children (38.5%) declined to below that of young women without children (39.2%) and stayed lower thereafter. Despite widespread increases in binge drinking, heavy drinking declined or remained stable for all groups except older women (ages 45–55) without children (odds ratio [OR] for heavy drinking each year = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10) and women ages 30–44, regardless of parenting status. For binge drinking outcomes only, we saw evidence of interaction in drinking trends by parenting status, but this was shown to be confounded by sex and age. Men and women with children reported consistently lower levels of drinking than those without children. Rates of abstention mirrored trends in binge outcomes for both sexes, limiting concerns about invariance. Study limitations include self-reported data and measurement invariance in binge drinking cutoffs across study years.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that trends in binge and heavy drinking over time were not differential by parenting status for women; rather, declines and increases over time were mainly attributable to sex and age. Women both with and without children are increasing binge and heavy drinking; men, regardless of parenting status, and women without children consumed more alcohol than women with children. Regardless of impact on child health, increased drinking rates in the past decade are concerning for adult morbidity and mortality: binge drinking has increased among both sexes, and heavy drinking has increased among older women. Men and women of all ages and parenting status should be screened for heavy alcohol use and referred to specialty care as appropriate.

Klíčová slova:

Adults – Age groups – Alcohol consumption – Human families – Child health – Physicians – Pregnancy – Social stratification

Zdroje

1. GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018 Sep 22 [cited 2019 Apr 29];392(10152):1015–35. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30146330 30146330

2. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009 Jun 27 [cited 2019 Apr 29];373(9682):2223–33. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609607467 19560604

3. Gmel G, Kuntsche E, Rehm J. Risky single-occasion drinking: bingeing is not bingeing. Addiction. 2011 Jun [cited 2019 Apr 29];106(6):1037–45. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21564366 21564366

4. Roerecke M, Rehm J. Chronic heavy drinking and ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Hear. 2014 Aug 6 [cited 2019 Apr 29];1(1):e000135. Available from: http://openheart.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/openhrt-2014-000135.

5. Chisholm D, Rehm J, Van Ommeren M, Monteiro M. Reducing the global burden of hazardous alcohol use: a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis. J Stud Alcohol. 2015 [cited 2019 Apr 29];65(6):782–93. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2002/MembersETC.pdf 15700517

6. Stahre M, Roeber J, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Zhang X. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014 Jun 26 [cited 2019 Apr 29];11:E109. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967831 24967831

7. Grucza RA, Sher KJ, Kerr WC, Krauss MJ, Lui CK, McDowell YE, et al. Trends in Adult Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking in the Early 21st-Century United States: A Meta-Analysis of 6 National Survey Series. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 Oct [cited 2019 Apr 29];42(10):1939–50. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30080258 30080258

8. Haughwout S, Slater M. Apparent per capita alcohol consumption: National, state, and regional trends, 1977–2016. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Surveillance Report #110. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2018.

9. Grant BF, Chou SP, Saha TD, Pickering RP, Kerridge BT, Ruan WJ, et al. Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001–2002 to 2012–2013: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Sep 1 [cited 2019 May 22];74(9):911–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28793133 28793133

10. Kerr WC, Greenfield TK, Ye Y, Bond J, Rehm J. Are the 1976–1985 birth cohorts heavier drinkers? Age-period-cohort analyses of the National Alcohol Surveys 1979–2010. Addiction. 2013 Jun [cited 2019 Apr 29];108(6):1038. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897662 22897662

11. White A, Castle I-JP, Chen CM, Shirley M, Roach D, Hingson R. Converging Patterns of Alcohol Use and Related Outcomes Among Females and Males in the United States, 2002 to 2012. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015 Sep 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];39(9):1712–26. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/acer.12815 26331879

12. Keyes KM, Jager J, Mal‐Sarkar T, Patrick ME, Rutherford C, Schulenberg J, et al. Is there a recent epidemic of women’s drinking? A critical review of national studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019 May 10 [cited 2019 May 22]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acer.14082.

13. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK, Driscoll AK, Drake P. National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 67, Number 8, November 7, 2018. Vol. 67, National Vital Statistics Reports. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017 [cited 2019 May 28]. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm.

14. Jones KL, Smith DW. The fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology. 1975 Aug 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];12(1):1–10. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tera.1420120102 1162620

15. Jones KL. The effects of alcohol on fetal development. Birth Defects Res Part C Embryo Today Rev. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];93(1):3–11. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bdrc.20200.

16. Rosett HL, Weiner L, Lee A, Zuckerman B, Dooling E, Oppenheimer E. Patterns of alcohol consumption and fetal development. Obstet Gynecol. 1983 May [cited 2019 Apr 29];61(5):539–46. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6835605. 6835605

17. Little RE, Anderson KW, Ervin CH, Worthington-Roberts B, Clarren SK. Maternal Alcohol Use during Breast-Feeding and Infant Mental and Motor Development at One Year. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 17 [cited 2019 Apr 29];321(7):425–30. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198908173210703 2761576

18. Hayatbakhsh MR, Mamun AA, Najman JM, O’Callaghan MJ, Bor W, Alati R. Early childhood predictors of early substance use and substance use disorders: Prospective study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008 [cited 2019 Apr 29];42(8):720–31. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ianp20 18622780

19. Flak AL, Su S, Bertrand J, Denny CH, Kesmodel US, Cogswell ME. The Association of Mild, Moderate, and Binge Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Child Neuropsychological Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 [cited 2019 Apr 29];38(1):214–26. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acer.12214 23905882

20. Bailey BA, Sokol RJ. Pregnancy and Alcohol Use: Evidence and Recommendations for Prenatal Care. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jun [cited 2019 Apr 29];51(2):436–44. Available from: https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00003081-200806000-00025 18463472

21. Carson G, Cox LV, Crane J, Croteau P, Graves L, Kluka S, et al. Alcohol Use and Pregnancy Consensus Clinical Guidelines. J Obstet Gynaecol Canada. 2010 Aug 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];32(8):S1–2. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1701216316346333.

22. Randall CL. Alcohol as a teratogen: a decade of research in review. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987 [cited 2019 Apr 30];1:125–32. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3322304. 3322304

23. Davis PJ, Partridge JW, Storrs CN. Alcohol consumption in pregnancy. How much is safe? Arch Dis Child. 1982 Dec 1 [cited 2019 Apr 30];57(12):940–3. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7181524 7181524

24. Moreno MA. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug 1 [cited 2019 Apr 30];171(8):820. Available from: http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1093 28586867

25. Mares SHW, van der Vorst H, Engels RCME, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A. Parental alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and alcohol-specific attitudes, alcohol-specific communication, and adolescent excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related problems: An indirect path model. Addict Behav. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];36(3):209–16. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460310003011 21084165

26. Liu W, Mumford EA, Petras H. Maternal Alcohol Consumption During the Perinatal and Early Parenting Period: A Longitudinal Analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2016 Feb [cited 2019 Apr 29];20(2):376–85. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10995-015-1836-5 26520156

27. van der Zwaluw CS, Scholte RHJ, Vermulst AA, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ, Engels RCME. Parental problem drinking, parenting, and adolescent alcohol use. J Behav Med. 2008 Jun 12 [cited 2019 Apr 29];31(3):189–200. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10865-007-9146-z 18189121

28. Moss HB, Vanyukov M, Majumder PP, Kirisci L, Tarter RE. Prepubertal sons of substance abusers: Influences of parental and familial substance abuse on behavioral disposition, IQ, and school achievement. Addict Behav. 1995 May 1 [cited 2019 Apr 30];20(3):345–58. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030646039400077C 7653316

29. Weinberg NZ. Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits Associated With Parental Alcohol Use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Sep 1 [cited 2019 Apr 30];36(9):1177–86. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890856709626423 9291718

30. Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P. Systematic review of effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcome. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Jan 18 [cited 2019 Apr 29];114(3):243–52. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01163.x.

31. Kelly YJ, Sacker A, Gray R, Kelly J, Wolke D, Head J, et al. Light drinking during pregnancy: still no increased risk for socioemotional difficulties or cognitive deficits at 5 years of age? J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2012 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Apr 29];66(1):41–8. Available from: https://jech.bmj.com/content/66/1/41.short.

32. Oster E. Expecting Better: Why the Conventional Pregnancy Wisdom is Wrong—and What You Really Need to Know. London: Penguin Books; 2013.

33. Kindy K, Keating D. For women, heavy drinking has been normalized. That’s dangerous. In: The Washington Post [Internet]. Washington, DC: The Washington Post; 2016 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/for-women-heavy-drinking-has-been-normalized-thats-dangerous/2016/12/23/0e701120-c381-11e6-9578-0054287507db_story.html?utm_term=.a19202196c81.

34. Jacobs R. Uncorking the Mommy Market: Phenomenal Facebook following has Marilé Borden contemplating the future of Moms Who Need Wine. In: Colby Magazine. Waterville, ME; 2012 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/colbymagazine/vol100/iss4/9.

35. Johnston AD. Women are the new face of alcohol advertising. Toronto: The Star; 2011. http://www.camy.org/_docs/newsroom/in-the-news/PDFs-In%20the%20News/jernigantorontostararticle.pdf.

36. Hosseini S. I’m Done Making Mommy Wine Jokes, And This Is Why. New York: Scary Mommy; 2017 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://www.scarymommy.com/done-making-mommy-wine-jokes/.

37. Pelletiere N. “A pump-and-dump kind of day”: How wine-mom culture shifted to unhappy hangovers | GMA. New York: ABC News; 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/family/story/pump-dump-kind-day-wine-mom-culture-shifted-62625309.

38. Graham NS. What wine mom culture misses about being a sober parent in a society that worships alcohol. Washington, DC: The Washington Post; 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2019/04/12/what-wine-mom-culture-misses-about-being-sober-parent-society-that-worships-alcohol/?utm_term=.50a968ffbd8d.

39. Clark AZ. Opinion: We Need to Stop Glamorizing The “Mommy Drinking” Culture. San Diego: Times of San Diego; 2018 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://timesofsandiego.com/opinion/2018/12/04/we-need-to-stop-glamorizing-the-mommy-drinking-culture/.

40. Campbell L. How “Mommy Juice” Culture Is Normalizing Alcohol Addiction. San Francisco, CA: HealthLine; 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/the-rise-of-mommy-juice-culture-and-its-impact-on-kids

41. Cottrell Sarah. How Mommy Drinking Culture Has Normalized Alcoholism for Women in America. New York: Babble; 2018 [cited 2019 Apr 30]. https://www.babble.com/parenting/mommy-drinking-culture-wine-motherhood/.

42. Abramson A. The cheeky ‘wine mom’ trope isn’t just dumb. It’s dangerous. Washington, DC: The Washington Post; 2018 [cited 2019 Apr 30]; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2018/09/21/the-cheeky-wine-mom-trope-isnt-just-dumb-its-dangerous/?utm_term=.3cb2a1de81e8.

43. Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Delayed childbearing; more women are having their first child later in life. United States Population Division. B of the C, (U.S.) NC for HS, editors. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 2009–1209). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009 Aug [cited 2019 Apr 29]. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/5468.

44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHIS—National Health Interview Survey. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2019 Apr 13]. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/index.htm.

45. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008 Apr [cited 2019 Jul 30];61(4):344–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435607004362 18313558

46. Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Mean Age of Mothers is on the Rise: United States, 2000–2014 Key findings Data from the National Vital Statistics System. NCHS Data Brief. 2016 [cited 2019 May 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db232.pdf.

47. Khandwala YS, Zhang CA, Lu Y, Eisenberg ML. The age of fathers in the USA is rising: an analysis of 168 867 480 births from 1972 to 2015. Hum Reprod. 2017 Oct 1 [cited 2019 Apr 26];32(10):2110–6. Available from: http://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/32/10/2110/4096427/The-age-of-fathers-in-the-USA-is-rising-an 28938735

48. Connors GJ, Volk RJ. Self-report screening for alcohol problems among adults. Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2003. p. 21–35.

49. Glovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Litin L, Sampson L, et al. The assessment of alcohol consumption by a simple self-administered questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 [cited 2019 May 29];133(8):810–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-abstract/133/8/810/65120 2021148

50. Dawson DA. Methodological issues in measuring alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health. 2003 [cited 2019 May 29];27(1):18–29. Available from: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/18-29.pdf. 15301397

51. Del Boca FK, Darkes J. The validity of self-reports of alcohol consumption: State of the science and challenges for research. Vol. 98, Addiction. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111); 2003 [cited 2019 May 28]. p. 1–12. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1359-6357.2003.00586.x.

52. Simons JS, Wills TA, Emery NN, Marks RM. Quantifying alcohol consumption: Self-report, transdermal assessment, and prediction of dependence symptoms. Addict Behav. 2015 Nov [cited 2019 Aug 1];50:205–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160523 26160523

53. NIAAA. Drinking levels defined. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). 2016 [cited 2019 May 22]. p. 1. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/moderate-binge-drinking.

54. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics S. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2013 [cited 2019 Apr 13]. http://store.samhsa.gov/home.

55. Van Oers J, Bongers IM, van de Goor LA, Garretsen HF. Alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems, problem drinking, and socioeconomic status. Alcohol Alcohol. 1999 Jan 1 [cited 2019 May 28];34(1):78–88. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/alcalc/34.1.78 10075406

56. Yang JC, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Brayne C. Binge alcohol and substance use across birth cohorts and the global financial crisis in the United States. Cabieses B, editor. PLoS ONE. 2018 Jun 25 [cited 2019 May 22];13(6):e0199741. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29940033 29940033

57. QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Percentage*, † of Adults Aged ≥65 Years Who Had an Influenza Vaccine in the Past 12 Months, § by Poverty Status—National Health Interview Survey, United States, 1999–2001 and 2014–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Feb 23 [cited 2019 Apr 13];67(7):233. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6707a8.htm?s_cid=mm6707a8_w 29470462

58. QuickStats: Percentage* of Adults Aged 20–64 Years with a Blood Cholesterol Check by a Health Professional† During the Past 12 Months, by Poverty Status§—National Health Interview Survey, 2012 and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Dec 7 [cited 2019 Apr 13];67(48):1351. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6748a6.htm?s_cid=mm6748a6_w 30521504

59. Campion WM, Rubin DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. J Mark Res. 1989 [cited 2019 Apr 13];26(4):485. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bQBtw6rx_mUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR24&dq=Rubin,+D.B.+(1987),+Multiple+Imputation+for+Nonresponse+in+Surveys,+New+York:+John+Wiley+%26+Sons,+Inc.&ots=8OsK7O0WgO&sig=EL3fGQ_WNvlJbvICqyikd38gYVY#v=onepage&q&f=false.

60. Meng XL, Rubin DB. Performing likelihood ratio tests with multiply-imputed data sets. Biometrika. 1992 Mar [cited 2019 May 22];79(1):103–11. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2337151?origin=crossref.

61. Paradis C. Parenthood, drinking locations and heavy drinking. Soc Sci Med. 2011 Apr 1 [cited 2019 May 23];72(8):1258–65. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611001122#bib44 21454004

62. Leonard KE, Eiden RD. Marital and Family Processes in the Context of Alcohol Use and Alcohol Disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2007 Apr 23 [cited 2019 May 23];3(1):285–310. Available from: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091424.

63. Jager J, Keyes KM, Schulenberg JE. Historical variation in young adult binge drinking trajectories and its link to historical variation in social roles and minimum legal drinking age. Dev Psychol. 2015 [cited 2019 May 23];51(7):962–74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517691/ 26010381

64. Wiechelt SA. The Specter of Shame in Substance Misuse. Subst Use Misuse. 2007 Jan 3 [cited 2019 May 23];42(2–3):399–409. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826080601142196 17558937

65. Wiechelt SA, Sales E. The Role of Shame in Women’s Recovery from Alcoholism. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2005 [cited 2019 May 23];1(4):101–16. Available from: https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/36922/12_wiechelt_paper.pdf?sequence=1.

66. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Nov 1 [cited 2019 May 23];68(6):394–424. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.3322/caac.21492 30207593

67. Sampson HW. Alcohol and other factors affecting osteoporosis risk in women. Alcohol Res Health. 2002 [cited 2019 May 23];26(4):292–8. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.573.5577&rep=rep1&type=pdf. 12875040

68. Bradley KA, Badrinath S, Bush K, Boyd-Wickizer J, Anawalt B. Medical risks for women who drink alcohol. J Gen Intern Med. 1998 Sep 1 [cited 2019 May 23];13(9):627–39. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.cr187.x 9754520

69. Blow FC. Treatment of Older Women With Alcohol Problems: Meeting the Challenge for a Special Population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Aug 1 [cited 2019 May 23];24(8):1257–66. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02092.x. 10968666

70. Madras BK, Compton WM, Avula D, Stegbauer T, Stein JB, Clark HW. Screening, brief interventions, referral to treatment (SBIRT) for illicit drug and alcohol use at multiple healthcare sites: Comparison at intake and 6 months later. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Jan 1 [cited 2019 May 23];99(1–3):280–95. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871608003104 18929451

71. Agerwala SM, McCance-Katz EF. Integrating Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) into Clinical Practice Settings: A Brief Review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2012 Sep [cited 2019 May 23];44(4):307–17. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2012.720169 23210379

72. Zimmerman TS, Aberle JT, Krafchick JL, Harvey AM. Deconstructing the “Mommy Wars”: The Battle Over the Best Mom. J Fem Fam Ther. 2008 Aug 27 [cited 2019 May 23];20(3):203–19. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08952830802264524.

73. Culverson DR. The Politics of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in the United States, 1969–1986. Polit Sci Q. 2006 [cited 2019 May 23];111(1):127. Available from: www.mothersincharge.org/a-.

74. Keyes KM, Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Link B, Olfson M, Grant BF, et al. Stigma and Treatment for Alcohol Disorders in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Dec 15 [cited 2019 Jul 31];172(12):1364–72. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21044992 21044992

75. Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Keyes KM. Alcohol use and binge drinking among U.S. men, pregnant and non-pregnant women ages 18–44: 2002–2017. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2019 Dec 1 [cited 2019 Oct 15];205: 107590. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31600616 31600616

76. Keyes KM, Li G, Hasin DS. Birth cohort effects and gender differences in alcohol epidemiology: a review and synthesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 Dec [cited 2019 Apr 29];35(12):2101–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21919918 21919918