What is the optimal dose of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukaemia?

Czech version

Authors: D. Žáčková; P. Čičátková; A. Kvetková; T. Horňák; L. Semerád; J. Mayer
Authors‘ workplace: Interní hematologická a onkologická klinika LF MU a FN Brno
Published in: Transfuze Hematol. dnes,27, 2021, No. 1, p. 28-41.
Category: Review/Educational Papers
doi: https://doi.org/10.48095/cctahd202128

Zavedení inhibitorů tyrozinkináz (TKI) do léčby pacientů s chronickou myeloidní leukemií (CML) zásadním způsobem zlepšilo jejich prognózu a prodloužilo přežití téměř na úroveň celkové populace. Expozice dlouhodobě až celoživotně podávané léčbě je však zatížena rizikem nežádoucích účinků, snížením kvality života, vysokými finančními náklady i psychickým stigmatem trvalé připomínky existence nádorového onemocnění. Úplné vysazení dlouhodobé terapie a dosažení tzv. remise bez nutnosti podávání léčby (treatment-free remission – TFR) se stalo novým cílem léčby pacientů s CML, který je však reálně dosažitelný jen u malé části z nich. Stále větší pozornost je tak věnována optimalizaci dlouhodobé léčby zejména ve smyslu redukce dávek TKI či jejich přerušovaného podávání s cílem zlepšit toleranci léčby a přitom udržet dostatečnou účinnost. Původně doporučené standardní dávky TKI, jaké vyplynuly z farmakokinetických a farmakodynamických studií, si vyžádaly v několika případech modifikaci již v průběhu následného klinického zkoušení, zejména na vrub přibývajících dat o snášenlivosti léčby. Snahy o další snižování dávek či úpravu dávkovacích schémat nacházejí podporu v příznivých datech již publikovaných analýz či jsou předmětem řady probíhajících klinických studií vč. těch, které mají jako konečný cíl dosažení TFR. Výzva ke zvážení redukce dávky TKI je začleněna i v nových doporučeních Evropské leukemické sítě pro léčbu CML. Předkládaný článek nabízí ucelený přehled dosavadních pokusů o optimalizaci dávek TKI a jejich výsledků v širším kontextu vývoje na poli standardního dávkování a přibývajících poznatků v oblasti farmakokinetiky.

Overview

The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has significantly improved the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients and prolonged their life expectancy near to that of the global population. However, long-lasting or even lifelong therapy carries a risk of side effects, quality of life impairment, high financial costs and also psychological concerns regarding the ever-present underlying cancer. Long-time therapy discontinuation with treatment-free remission (TFR) achievement became a new goal in CML treatment, but unfortunately could be achieved in only a minority of patients. Thus, increasing attention has focused on long-term therapy optimization, particularly in terms of TKI dose reduction or intermittent administration in order to improve tolerance and maintain efficacy. Originally recommended TKI standard doses based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies were already modified in several cases during subsequent clinical trials mainly due to increasing evidence of treatment safety. An effort to further decrease TKI doses or use intermittent dosing has been supported by favourable published data, or has been a subject of ongoing clinical trials including dose reductions prior to a TFR attempt. TKI dose reduction consideration has also been included in the new European LeukemiaNet recommendations for treating CML. In this manuscript, a comprehensive review of TKI dose optimization attempts is offered in the broader context of recommended standard TKI doses evolution and increasing pharmacokinetics knowledge.

Keywords:

chronic myeloid leukaemia – Tyrosine kinase inhibitors – dose reduction – intermittent dosing

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