Guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis

1. Morgan J, Meltzer MI, Plikaytis BD et al. Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 540-547.

2. Pfaller M, Wenzel R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 287–291.

3. Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1247–1251.

4. Kao AS, Brandt ME, Pruitt WR et al. The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities: results of a population-based active surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1164–1170.

5. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Brueggemann AB et al. Epidemiology of candidemia: 3-year results from the emerging infections and the epidemiology of Iowa organisms study. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1298–1302.

6. Hajjeh RA, Sofair AN, Harrison LH et al. Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1519–1527.

7. Abi-Said D, Anaissie E, Uzun O et al. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1122–1128.

8. Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 845–851.

9. Laverdiere M, Rotstein C, Bow EJ et al. Impact of fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal colonization and infection rates in neutropenic patients. The Canadian Fluconazole Study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46: 1001–1008.

10. Junghanss C, Marr KA. Infectious risks and outcomes after stem cell transplantation: are nonmyeloablative transplants changing the picture? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002; 15: 347–353.

11. Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K et al. Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1172–1177.

12. Marr KA. The changing spectrum of candidemia in oncology patients: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13: 615–620.

13. Kami M, Machida U, Okuzumi K et al. Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal blood cultures: an autopsy-based study involving 720 patients with haematological malignancy. Br J Haematol 2002; 117: 40–46.

14. Sendid B, Cotteau A, Francois N et al. Candidaemia and antifungal therapy in a French University Hospital: rough trends over a decade and possible links. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 80.

15. Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 685–702.

16. Pappas PG, Rex JH, Lee J et al. A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 634–643.

17. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas PG. Invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 857–863.

18. Trick WE, Fridkin SK, Edwards JR et al. Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 627–630.

19. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 309–317.

20. Asmundsdottir LR, Erlendsdottir H, Gottfredsson M. Increasing incidence of candidemia: results from a 20-year nationwide study in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3489–3492.

21. Poikonen E, Lyytikainen O, Anttila VJ, Ruutu P. Candidemia in Finland, 1995–1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 985–990.

22. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Park BJ et al. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1829–1835.

23. Sandven P, Bevanger L, Digranes A et al. Constant low rate of fungemia in norway, 1991 to 1996. The Norwegian Yeast Study Group. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3455–3459.

24. Sandven P, Bevanger L, Digranes A et al. Candidemia in Norway (1991 to 2003): results from a nationwide study. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1977–1981.

25. Richet H, Roux P, Des Champs C et al. Candidemia in French hospitals: incidence rates and characteristics. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 405–412.

26. Rodriguez D, Almirante B, Park BJ et al. Candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: Barcelona, Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25: 224–229.

27. McNeil MM, Nash SL, Hajjeh RA et al. Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980–1997. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 641–647.

28. Hobson RP. The global epidemiology of invasive Candida infections-is the tide turning? J Hosp Infect 2003; 55: 159–168; quiz 233.

29. Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96: 2055–2061.

30. Marr KA. Invasive Candida infections: the changing epidemiology. Oncology (Williston Park) 2004; 18: 9–14.

31. Chamilos G, Luna M, Lewis RE et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989–2003). Haematologica 2006; 91: 986–989.

32. Peman J, Canton E, Gobernado M. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood: results of a 2-year multicentre study in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 23–30.

33. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 133–163.

34. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Jr., Morris AJ et al. The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. Am J Med 1996; 100: 617–623.

35. Antoniadou A, Torres HA, Lewis RE et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care cancer center: in vitro susceptibility and its association with outcome of initial antifungal therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82: 309–321.

36. Marchetti O, Bille J, Fluckiger U et al. Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991–2000. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 311–320.

37. Martin D, Persat F, Piens MA, Picot S. Candida species distribution in bloodstream cultures in Lyon, France, 1998–2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 329–333.

38. Richardson MD. Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56 Suppl 1: i5–i11.

39. Boktour MR, Kontoyiannis DP, Hanna HA et al. Multiple-species candidemia in patients with cancer. Cancer 2004; 101: 1860–1865.

40. Tortorano AM, Caspani L, Rigoni AL et al. Candidosis in the intensive care unit: a 20-year survey. J Hosp Infect 2004; 57: 8–13.

41. Dimopoulos G, Karabinis A, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Candidemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent critically ill patients: a prospective comparative study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 377–384.

42. Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H et al. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23: 317–322.

43. Buchta V, M. K, Bergerová T. Výskyt potenciálně patogenních kvasinek v krvi a moči pacientů ve velkých nemocnicích v české republice. Klin Mikrobiol Inf Lék 1998; 4: 10–17.

44. Hamal P, Dobiášová S, Kocmanová I. Candidemia in large Czech hospitals, 2000 – 2002: An epidemiological study. 15th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. San Antonio, 2003; 463.

45. Hamal P, Kocmanová I, Jedličková A, et a. Epidemiological analysis of candidemia in Czech tertiary care hospitals in 2000 – 2006. J Chemother 2007; 19(suppl.3): S61–S62.

46. Krcmery V, Jr., Kovacicova G. Longitudinal 10-year prospective survey of fungaemia in Slovak Republic: trends in etiology in 310 episodes. Slovak Fungaemia study group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 36: 7–11.

47. Drgona L, Trupl J, Roidova A, et al. Fungaemia in Slovakia: a prospective, national study. ECCMID 2008, Barcelona. 2008.

48. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM et al. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 994–996.

49. Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 662–678.

50. Luzzati R, Amalfitano G, Lazzarini L et al. Nosocomial candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at an Italian tertiary care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 602–607.

51. Walsh TJ, Rex JH. All catheter-related candidemia is not the same: assessment of the balance between the risks and benefits of removal of vascular catheters. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 600–602.

52. Viudes A, Peman J, Canton E et al. Candidemia at a tertiary-care hospital: epidemiology, treatment, clinical outcome and risk factors for death. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 767–774.

53. Fatkenheuer G, Buchheidt D, Cornely OA et al. Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections in neutropenic patients-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 2003; 82 Suppl 2: S149–157.

54. Fatkenheuer G, Cornely O, Seifert H. Clinical management of catheter-related infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8: 545–550.

55. Maki DG, Crnich CJ. Line sepsis in the ICU: prevention, diagnosis, and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 24: 23–36.

56. Pappas PG, Rex JH, Sobel JD et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 161–189.

57. Pasqualotto AC, de Moraes AB, Zanini RR, Severo LC. Analysis of independent risk factors for death among pediatric patients with candidemia and a central venous catheter in place. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 799–804.

58. Karlowicz MG, Hashimoto LN, Kelly RE, Jr., Buescher ES. Should central venous catheters be removed as soon as candidemia is detected in neonates? Pediatrics 2000; 106: E63.

59. Nucci M, Anaissie E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidemia? An evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 591–599.

60. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1249–1272.

61. O‘Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: 759–769.

62. Vescia S, Baumgartner AK, Jacobs VR et al. Management of venous port systems in oncology: a review of current evidence. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 9–15.

63. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Jr., Tanner DC et al. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2429–2435.

64. Lecciones JA, Lee JW, Navarro EE et al. Vascular catheter-associated fungemia in patients with cancer: analysis of 155 episodes. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 875–883.

65. Nucci M, Colombo AL, Silveira F et al. Risk factors for death in patients with candidemia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19: 846–850.

66. Kibbler CC, Seaton S, Barnes RA et al. Management and outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida species in England and Wales. J Hosp Infect 2003; 54: 18–24.

67. Aliyu SH, Enoch DA, Abubakar, II et al. Candidaemia in a large teaching hospital: a clinical audit. Qjm 2006; 99: 655–663.

68. Nucci M, Anaissie E. Revisiting the source of candidemia: skin or gut? Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1959–1967.

69. Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G et al. Earlier positivity of central-venous- versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 105–109.

70. Raad I, Hanna H, Maki D. Intravascular catheter-related infections: advances in diagnosis, prevention, and management. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7: 645–657.

71. Pasqualotto AC, Severo LC. The importance of central venous catheter removal in patients with candidaemia: time to rethink our practice? Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 2–4.

72. Anaissie EJ, Rex JH, Uzun O, Vartivarian S. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am J Med 1998; 104: 238–245.

73. Pearson ML. Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 438–473.

74. Seifert H, Cornely O, Seggewiss K et al. Bloodstream infection in neutropenic cancer patients related to short-term nontunnelled catheters determined by quantitative blood cultures, differential time to positivity, and molecular epidemiological typing with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 118–123.

75. Blot F, Nitenberg G, Chachaty E et al. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral–blood cultures. Lancet 1999; 354: 1071–1077.

76. Kite P, Dobbins BM, Wilcox MH, McMahon MJ. Rapid diagnosis of central-venous-catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter removal. Lancet 1999; 354: 1504–1507.

77. Bouza E, Alvarado N, Alcala L et al. A randomized and prospective study of 3 procedures for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter withdrawal. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 820–826.

78. Bouza E, Alvarado N, Alcala L et al. A prospective, randomized, and comparative study of 3 different methods for the diagnosis of intravascular catheter colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 1096–1100.

79. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1305–1309.

80. Sherertz RJ, Raad, II, Belani A et al. Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 76–82.

81. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 3640–3645.

82. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 25–31.

83. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1325–1330.

84. Herbrecht R, Flückiger U, Gachot B et al. 2007 update of the ECIL-1 guidelines for Antifungal therapy in leukemia patients. In 2nd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, Edition Juan-les-Pins-France: 2007.

85. Kish MA. Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 851–854.

86. Edwards JE, Jr., Bodey GP, Bowden RA et al. International Conference for the Development of a Consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 43–59.

87. Bohme A, Ruhnke M, Buchheidt D et al. Treatment of fungal infections in hematology and oncology-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 2003; 82 Suppl 2: S133–140.

88. Slavin MA, Szer J, Grigg AP et al. Guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the treatment of invasive Candida and mould infections. Intern Med J 2004; 34: 192–200.

89. Herbrecht R, Fluckiger U, Gachot B et al. Treatment of invasive Candida and invasive Aspergillus infections in adult haematological patients. European Journal of Cancer Supplements 2007; 5: 49–59.

90. Horn D, Neofytos D, Fishman J et al. Use of the PATH Alliance database to measure adherence to IDSA guidelines for the therapy of candidemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 907–914.

91. Patel M, Kunz DF, Trivedi VM et al. Initial management of candidemia at an academic medical center: evaluation of the IDSA guidelines. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 52: 29–34.

92. Anaissie EJ, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D et al. Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 964–972.

93. Phillips P, Shafran S, Garber G et al. Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidemia Study Group. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 337–345.

94. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1435–1442.

95. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Said D et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Am J Med 1996; 101: 170–176.

96. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 23–30.

97. Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C et al. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 2020–2029.

98. Kuse ER, Chetchotisakd P, da Cunha CA et al. Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1519–1527.

99. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2472–2482.

100. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW et al. A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1221–1228.

101. Graninger W, Presteril E, Schneeweiss B et al. Treatment of Candida albicans fungaemia with fluconazole. J Infect 1993; 26: 133–146.

102. Kontoyiannis DP, Bodey GP, Mantzoros CS. Fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for the management of candidaemia in adults: a meta-analysis. Mycoses 2001; 44: 125–135.

103. Barrett JP, Vardulaki KA, Conlon C et al. A systematic review of the antifungal effectiveness and tolerability of amphotericin B formulations. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1295–1320.

104. Kleinberg M. What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27 Suppl 1: 12–16.

105. Torrado JJ, Espada R, Ballesteros MP, Torrado-Santiago S. Amphotericin B formulations and drug targeting. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97: 2405–2425.

106. Eriksson U, Seifert B, Schaffner A. Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 hours: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001; 322: 579–582.

107. Furrer K, Schaffner A, Vavricka SR et al. Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A and amphotericin B-deoxycholate as continuous infusion in allogenic stem cell transplantation. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132: 316–320.

108. Imhof A, Walter RB, Schaffner A. Continuous infusion of escalated doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate: an open-label observational study. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 943–951.

109. Peleg AY, Woods ML. Continuous and 4 h infusion of amphotericin B: a comparative study involving high-risk haematology patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 803–808.

110. Wingard JR, Kubilis P, Lee L et al. Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1402–1407.

111. Bates DW, Su L, Yu DT et al. Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 686–693.

112. Bates DW, Su L, Yu DT et al. Correlates of acute renal failure in patients receiving parenteral amphotericin B. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1452–1459.

113. Mayer J, Doubek M, Doubek J et al. Reduced nephrotoxicity of conventional amphotericin B therapy after minimal nephroprotective measures: animal experiments and clinical study. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 379–388.

114. Mayer J, Doubek M, Vorlicek J. Must we really fear toxicity of conventional amphotericin B in oncological patients? Support Care Cancer 1999; 7: 51–55.

115. Johnson JR. Reduction of nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B deoxycholate. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 303; author reply 306–307.

116. Ito JI, Hooshmand-Rad R. Treatment of Candida infections with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 Suppl 6: S384–391.

117. Anaissie EJ, White MH, Uzun O et al. Amphotericin B Lipid Complex vs Amphotericin B for Treatment of invasive Candidiasis: A Prospective, Randomized Multicenter Trial. In ICAAC 35th, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Edition San Francisco: 1995.

118. Noskin G, Pietrelli L, Gurwith M, Bowden R. Treatment of invasive fungal infections with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23: 697–703.

119. Noskin GA, Pietrelli L, Coffey G et al. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 461–467.

120. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1383–1396.

121. Tuil. O, Cohen. Y. Itraconazole IV solution in the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Critical Care Medicine 2003; 7: P131–P132.

122. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Kontoyiannis D, Raffalli J et al. International, open-label, noncomparative, clinical trial of micafungin alone and in combination for treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory candidemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 654–661.

123. Abbas J, Bodey GP, Hanna HA et al. Candida krusei fungemia. An escalating serious infection in immunocompromised patients. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2659–2664.

124. Safdar A, Chaturvedi V, Cross EW et al. Prospective study of Candida species in patients at a comprehensive cancer center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 2129–2133.

125. Safdar A, van Rhee F, Henslee-Downey JP et al. Candida glabrata and Candida krusei fungemia after high-risk allogeneic marrow transplantation: no adverse effect of low-dose fluconazole prophylaxis on incidence and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28: 873–878.

126. Bodey GP, Mardani M, Hanna HA et al. The epidemiology of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans fungemia in immunocompromised patients with cancer. Am J Med 2002; 112: 380–385.

127. Safdar A, Chaturvedi V, Koll BS et al. Prospective, multicenter surveillance study of Candida glabrata: fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility profiles in bloodstream, invasive, and colonizing strains and differences between isolates from three urban teaching hospitals in New York City (Candida Susceptibility Trends Study, 1998 to 1999). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3268–3272.

128. Safdar A, Perlin DS, Armstrong D. Hematogenous infections due to Candida parapsilosis: changing trends in fungemic patients at a comprehensive cancer center during the last four decades. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 44: 11–16.

129. Bennett JE, Izumikawa K, Marr KA. Mechanism of increased fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata during prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 1773–1777.

130. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L et al. Geographic variation in the susceptibilities of invasive isolates of Candida glabrata to seven systemically active antifungal agents: a global assessment from the ARTEMIS Antifungal Surveillance Program conducted in 2001 and 2002. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3142–3146.

131. Panackal AA, Gribskov JL, Staab JF et al. Clinical significance of azole antifungal drug cross-resistance in Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1740–1743.

132. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 408–415.