Ontogenetic conditions of unemployment
Authors:
Božena Buchtová 1; Josef Šmajs 1; Viktor Kulhavý 1; Petr Okrajek 2; Lubomír Kukla 3
Authors‘ workplace:
Katedra podnikového hospodářství, Ekonomicko-správní fakulta, Masarykova univerzita
1; Ústav matematiky a statistiky, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita
2; Centrum pro výzkum toxických látek v prostředí (RECETOX), Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita
3
Published in:
Čas. Lék. čes. 2014; 153: 13-21
Category:
Original Article
Overview
Background.
Previous unemployment studies mostly dealt with unemployment’s economic causes and consequences. Hidden causes of male unemployment, independent from socio-economic circumstances of a society, could consist, besides others, in natural biological factors – family experience during childhood. Theoretical background of our study included the concept of psychical deprivation, the concept of human ontogenesis developmental stages of E. Erikson and knowledge of biodromal psychology. Using data from the European Longitudinal Study of Parenthood and Childhood international project we compared groups of employed and unemployed men by means of a retrospective survey and we studied the following: 1. What differences there were in their childhood; 2. To what extent educational approaches transfer from parents to their children; 3. What influence has negative experience from childhood on the future assertion of men in the labour market.
Methods and results.
The survey set consisted of 3141 (88.7%) employed men and 399 (11.3%) unemployed men in 1991–1992. Basic research data were acquired by means of questionnaires. Relative risk was used to compare the groups of the employed and the unemployed. The employed men are more likely to be from complete families then the unemployed men. The unemployed men, in comparison to the employed men, 2.08 times more frequently spent their childhood in orphanages, children’s villages or in foster families, 3.89 times more frequently attended special schools, 2.22 times more frequently lived away from home until the age of 18 and 2.51 times more frequently lived in detention centres or in diagnostic institutes until the age of 18 (p < 0.001). 66.6% of the employed men and 65.1% of the unemployed men were psychically and physically abused in their childhood.
Conclusion.
Consequences of negative experience from childhood decrease the chances of inclusion of young men into the labour market. Social roles of young men (future fathers) could be also distorted by such experience. Social integration and social success rate of the unemployed men group therefore develops in an unfavourable direction.
Keywords:
unemployment – longitudinal study – childhood – risk factors – family
Sources
1. Šmajs J. Evoluční ontologie kultury a problém podnikání. Brno: Doplněk a Masarykova univerzita 2012; 201–223.
2. Buchtová B. Nezaměstnanost a zdraví. In sborník z konference Psychologické a medicínské aspekty nezaměstnanosti. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Ekonomicko-správní fakulta 2000; 4–12.
3. Buchtová B. Psychologie nezaměstnanosti. In Buchtová B, et al. Nezaměstnanost. Psychologický, ekonomický a sociální problém. Praha: Grada Publishing 2002; 75–128.
4. Buchtová B, et al. Souvislost mezi nezaměstnaností, zdravotním stavem a užíváním drog. In sborník z mezinárodní konference Firma a konkurenční prostředí – Sekce 8. Brno: Konvoj 2002; 23–46.
5. Claussen B. Health and re-employment in a five-year follow-up of long-term unemployed. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 1999; 27(2): 94–100.
6. Jahoda M. Wieviel Arbeit braucht der Mensch? Arbeit und Arbeitslosigkeit im 20. Jahrhundert. Beltz: Psychologie Verlags Union 1995.
7. Kebza V, et al. Psychologické a zdravotní aspekty nezaměstnanosti: vliv sociální opory. Psychologické a zdravotní aspekty nezaměstnanosti. Brno: Masarykova univerzita 2000; 13–16.
8. Kessler RC, et al. Unemployment, Reemployment, and Emotional Functioning in a Community Sample. American Sociological Review 1989; 54(4): 648–657.
9. Korzeniewska M. Health effects of unemployment. Medycyna pracy 1995; 46(4): 407.
10. Murphy GC, et al. The effect of unemployment on mental health. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 1999; 72(1): 83–99.
11. Schaufeli WB. Youth unemployment and mental health: some Dutch findings. Journal of Adolescence 1997; 20(3): 281–292.
12. Schraggeová M. Nezamestnanosť v psychologických súvislostiach. Nové Zámky: Psychoprof 2011.
13. Warr P. Work, unemployment, and mental health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press 1987.
14. Wiener K, et al. Predicting job seeking frequency, psychological well being and self-efficacy in the unemployed. Journal of Employment Counseling 1999; 36: 67–81.
15. Hubinková Z, et al. Psychologie a sociologie ekonomického chování. Praha: Grada Publishing 2008.
16. Patton W, et al. Unemployment and youth: A longitudinal study. Australian Journal of Psychology 1984; 36(3): 399–413.
17. Montgomery SM, et al. Health and social precursors of unemployment in young men in Great Britain. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1996; 50(4): 415–422.
18. Caspi A, et al. Early failure in the labor market: Childhood and adolescent predictors of unemployment in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review 1998, 63: 424–451.
19. Dunovský J, et al. Týrané, zneužívané a zanedbávané dítě. Praha: Grada Publishing 1995.
20. Matějček Z. Pozdní následky psychické deprivace v dětství. Praha: Psychiatrické centrum 1995.
21. Bowlby J. Vazba: teorie kvality raných vztahu mezi matkou a dítětem. Praha: Portál 2010.
22. Bowlby J. Odloučení: kritické období raného vztahu mezi matkou a dítětem. Praha: Portál 2012.
23. Langmeier Z, et al. Psychická deprivace v dětství. Praha: Karolinum 2011.
24. Matějček Z. Pojem psychické subdeprivace. Psychológia a patopsychológia dieťaťa, 1987; 22: 419–428.
25. Erikson EH. Dětství a společnost. Praha: Argo 2002.
26. Říčan P. Cesta životem. Praha: Portál 2006.
27. Matějček Z. Teoretická úvaha nad pozdními následky psychické deprivace a subdeprivace. Československá psychologie 1996; 40(5): 369–375.
28. Dytrych Z, et al. Rozvod a porozvodová adaptace a možnosti jejího ovlivňování. Dytrych Z, et al. (eds.) Psychiatrický výzkum bezprostředně pro praxi. Zprávy – zvláštní číslo. Praha: VÚPS 1987; 39–49.
29. Ellis BJ, et al. Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child development 2003; 74(3): 801–821.
30. Harper CC, et al. Father absence and youth incarceration. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2004; 14: 369–397.
31. Huurre T, et al. Long-term psychological effects of parental divorce: a follow-up study from adolescence to adulthood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 4: 256–263.
32. Matějček Z, et al. Děti, rodina a stres. Praha: Galén 1994.
33. Pavlát J. Děti v rozvodových sporech: Severoamerická studie (1980–2001). Československá psychologie 2005; 49(5): 422–431.
34. Bolgar R, et al. Childhood antecedents of interpersonal problems in young adult children of divorce. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 143–150.
35. Buchanan CM, et al. Adolescents after divorce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1996.
36. Clark R, et al. Towards a resources and stressors model: The psychological adjustment of adult children of divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 1996; 3-4: 105–136.
37. Saayman GS, et al. The adversarial legal process and divorce: Negative effects of psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Divorce 1989; 12(2–3): 329–948.
38. Ayoub CC, et al. Emotional distress in children of high-conflict divorce: The impact of marital conflict and violence. Family Court Review 1999; 37(3): 297–315.
39. Austin WG. Assessing credibility in allegations of marital violence in the highconflict child custody case. Family Court Review 2000; 38(4): 462–477.
40. Henning K, et al. Long-term psychological and social impact of witnessing physical conflict between parents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1996; 11(1): 35–51.
41. Pavlát J, et al. Děti v rodičovských soudních sporech. Československá psychologie 2008; 52(5): 458–467.
42. Johnston JR. High-conflict divorce. The future of children 1994; 4(1): 165–182.
43. Český statistický úřad. Rozvodovost. http://www.czso.cz/csu/redakce.nsf/i/rozvodovost
44. Kukla L, et al. Týrání dětí v populaci běžných rodin – longitudinální studie. Čas. Lék. čes. 2009; 148(6): 254–263.
45. Bosáková K, et al. Psychické týrání v dětství u dospělé populace ČR: výskyt a některé souvislosti. Prakt. Lék. 2004; 84(10): 577–582.
Labels
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain management Dental HygienistArticle was published in
Journal of Czech Physicians
Most read in this issue
- Historical aspects of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- Electromagnetic field intolerance: a nonexistent disease?
- Currently available skin substitutes
- Perforation of the small intestine in a non reducible spigelian hernia, by a foreign body