Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis – an endless story with a colorful past, an uncertain presence and unclear future

Czech version

Authors: Pavel Gregor
Authors‘ workplace: Kardiocentrum, III. interní – kardiologická klinika 3. LF UK a FN Královské Vinohrady, Praha
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2019; 65(10): 630-635
Category:

Overview

Opinions on the prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) have significantly changed in recent years. A gradual departure from antibiotic prophylaxis can be observed, both in terms of the spectrum of procedures and the profile of individuals in whom it is indicated. The extreme case is the rejection of all antibiotic prophylaxis in all patients and for all procedures in some countries. Concise conclusions are primarily provided by European recommendations. Patients at the highest risk are currently recommended for prophylaxis; this in particular concerns valvular prostheses, some complex congenital heart defects, sewn palliative shunts, conduits or prostheses, and conditions after IE. Prophylaxis should be administered before dental procedures involving manipulation of the gums and before implantation of pacemakers and similar devices (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator – ICD). Prophylaxis is administered with 2 grams of amoxicillin or ampicillin given within 30–60 min before the procedure, in case of penicillin allergy clindamycin is recommended, before implantation of pacemakers or ICD are given first-generation cephalosporins or vancomycin. Proper oral hygiene and regular dental checkups should be the basic rule for at-risk patients as well as strictly sterile performance of all risk involving interventions.

Keywords:

antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis – infective endocarditis – risks related to infective endocarditis

Sources

Chirouze C, Hoen B, Duval X. Infective endocarditis prophylaxis: moving from dental prophylaxis to global prevention? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31(9): 2089–2095. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096–012–1564–3>.
Wang A. The changing epidemiology of infective endocarditis. The paradox of prophylaxis in the current and future eras. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(22): 1977–1978. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.030>.
Beneš J, Baloun R, Džupová O. Endokarditidy 2007. Výsledky multicentrické studie o výskytu a vlastnostech infekční endokarditidy. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57(2): 147–154.
Gregor P. Výskyt infekční endokarditidy a některé problémy její diagnostiky. Vnitř Lék 2011; 57(2): 130–131.
Selton-Suty C, Celard M, Moing V et al. Preeminence of Staphylococcus aureus in infective endocarditis: a 1-year population-Based Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54(9): 1230–1239. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis199>.
[American Heart Association]. Prevention of rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis through control of streptococcal infections. Circulation 1955; 11: 317–320.
Thornhill MH, Dayer M, Lockhart PB et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2017; 19(2): 9. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908–017–0564-y>.
[American Heart Association]. Prevention of rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis through control of streptococcal infections. Circulation 1960; 21(1): 151–155. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.21.1.151>.
[American Heart Association Committee]. Prevention of Rheumatic Fever and Bacterial endocarditis. Circulation 1965; 31: 953–954.
Kaplan EL, Anthony BF. [American Heart Association]. Prevention of rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis through control of streptococcal infections. Circulation 1960; 21: 151–155.
[Report of working party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy]. The antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis. Lancet 1982; 2(8311): 1323–1326.
Gregor P, Widimský P, Anděl M et al. Kardiologie v praxi. Galén: Praha: 1994. ISBN 8085824078.
Gregor P, Widimský P et al. Kardiologie. 2. přepracované a rozšířené vydání. Praha, Galén 1999. ISBN 80–7262–021–5.
Beneš J, Gregor P, Mokráček A. Infekční endokarditida: doporučené postupy diagnostiky, léčby, dispenzarizace a profylaxe. Cor Vasa 2007; 49(11): K157-K171.
Leport C, Horstkotte D, Burckhardt D. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis from an international group of experts towards a European consensus. Group of Experts of the International Society for Chemotherapy. Eur Heart J 1995; 16(Suppl B): 126–131. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_b.126>.
Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. Ciculation 1997; 96(1): 358–366. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.96.1.358>.
Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E et al. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary: the task force on infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25(3): 267–276. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.008>.
[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)]. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. Secondary prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg64>.
Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 116(15): 1736–1754. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095>. Erratum in Circulation 2007; 116(15): e376–7.
Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30(19): 2369–2413. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp285>.
Rogers AM, Schiller NB. Impact of the first nine months of revised infective endocarditis prophylaxis guidelines at a university hospital: so far so good. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21(6): 775–710. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2008.04.001>.
Desimone DC, Tleyjeh IM, de Sa DD et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis caused by viridans group streptococci before and after publication of the 2007 American Heart Association´s endocarditis prevention guidelines. Circulation 2012; 126(1): 60–64. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.095281>.
Pasquali SK, He X, Mohamad Z et al. Trends in hospitalizations at US children´s hospitals: impact of the 2007 American Heart Association Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guidelines. Am Heart J 2012; 163(5): 894–899. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.03.002>.
Pant S, Patel JN, Deshmukh A et al. Trends in infective endocarditis incidence, microbiology, and valve replacement in the United States from 2000 to 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65(19): 2070–2076. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.518>.
Mackie AS, Liu W, Savu A et al. Infective endocarditis hospitalizations before and after the 2007 American Heart Association Prophylaxis Guidelines. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32(8): 942–948. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.09.021>.
Thornhill MH, Dayer MJ, Forde JM et al. Impact of the NICE guideline recommending cessation of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of infective endocarditis : before and after study. BMJ 2011; 342: d2392. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d2392>.
Dayer MJ, Jones S, Prendergast B et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis in Enland 2000–13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet 2015; 385(9974): 1219–1228. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140–6736(14)62007–9>.
Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015; 36(44): 3075–3128. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319>.
Linhartová K, Beneš J, Gregor P. Doporučení ESC pro diagnostiku a léčbu infekční endokarditidy 2015. Cor Vasa 2016; 58(1): e107-e128. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvasa.2015.12.004>.
Lockhart PB. The risk for endocarditis in dental practice. Periodontology 2000; 23: 127–135.
Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR. Risk factors for infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993; 7(1): 9–19.
Pallasch TJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise. Dent Clin North Am 2003; 47(4): 665–679.
Parrish A, Maharaj B. Prevention of infective endocarditis in developing countries – justifiable caution? S Afr Med J 2012; 102(8): 652–654.
Duval X, Delahaye F, Alla F et al. Temporal trends in infective endocarditis in the Context of prophylaxis guideline modifications. Three successive population-based surveys. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59(22): 1968–1976. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.029>.
Januszky I, Gemes K, Ahnve S et al. Invasive procedures associated with the development of infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(24): 2744–2752. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.532>.
Thornhill MH, Dayer MJ, Cahill TJ. Infective endocarditis after invasive procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(24): 2753–2755. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.533>.
Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 2008; 118(8): 887–896. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190377>.
Athan E, Chu VH, Tattevin P et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis involving implantable cardiac device. JAMA 2012; 307(16): 1727–1735. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.497>.
Bínová J, Kubánek M, Sedláček K et al. Infekční endokarditida u intrakardiálních implantabilních přístrojů. Interv Akut Kardiol 2017; 16(4): 146–150.
de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, D´Orio Nishioka SA et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2(1): 29–34. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.108.795906>. Erratum in Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2(1): e1. D’Avila, Andre [added].
Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Ericsson CC et al. Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 121(3): 458–477. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665>.
Yoshinaga M, Niwa K, Niwa A et al. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality during infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101(1): 114–118. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.054>.
Zegri-Reitz I, de Alarcón A, Muňoz P et al. Infective endocarditis in patients with bicuspid aortic valve or mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(24): 2731–2740. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.534>.
Chambers JB. Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. Widening the net? J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(24): 2741–2743. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.021>.
Thornhill MH, Jones S, Prendergast B et al. Quantifying infective endocarditis risk in patients with predisposing cardiac conditions. Eur Heart J 2018; 39(7): 586–595. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx655>.