The role of metabolic syndrome in gastroenterology
Authors:
Petr Dítě 1; Jitka Přinosilová 1; Lenka Dovrtělová 2; Tomáš Kupka 1; Hana Nechutová 3; Bohuslav Kianička 3; Bohdana Břegová 1; Lumír Kunovský 4; Arnošt Martínek 1; Miroslav Souček 3
Authors‘ workplace:
Oddělení gastroenterologie, metabolizmu a výživy Interní kliniky LF Ostravské univerzity a FN Ostrava, přednosta doc. MUDr. Arnošt Martínek, CSc.
1; Katedra podpory zdraví, Fakulta sportovních studií MU Brno, vedoucí katedry Mgr. Lenka Dovrtělová, Ph. D.
2; Gastroenterologické oddělení II. interní kliniky LF MU a FN u sv. Anny Brno, přednosta prof. MUDr. Miroslav Souček, CSc.
3; Chirurgická klinika LF MU a FN Brno, pracoviště Bohunice, přednosta prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Kala, CSc.
4
Published in:
Vnitř Lék 2015; 61(9): 792-798
Category:
Reviews
Overview
Goal:
Metabolic syndrome and its components play an important part in the development of not only cardiovascular conditions, but also digestive and pancreaticobiliary system diseases. The aim of our study is to present a comprehensive overview of the diseases where metabolic syndrome is an inducing risk factor, or where it affects the course of the disease.
Results:
Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor of induction of gastroesophageal reflux and its complication, which is Barrett‘s esophagus. Metabolic syndrome was described as the disease closely linked to idiopathic intestinal inflammations, diseases of the biliary tree and pancreas. Acute pancreatitis, both its development in obese individuals and the burden of its course, are in close correlation with metabolic syndrome, similarly as the course of chronic, mainly alcoholic pancreatitis. Study of non-alcoholic steatopancreatitis presents a challenge, most importantly with regard to the function of pancreatic B cells in obese individuals. Non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and its forms may as much as lead to the stage of cirrhosis of the liver and they pose a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic syndrome was also described in a population study as a risk factor for carcinoma of the colon.
Summary:
Metabolic syndrome and its components present an important risk factor in relation to inducing some benign as well as malignant gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary diseases. A systemic approach to influencing the metabolic syndrome and its components is therefore one of the important approaches to influencing the development and course of not only cardiovascular conditions.
Key words:
gastrointestinal cancers – idiopathic intestinal inflammation – obesity – pancreatopathy – reflux disease – steatohepatitis metabolic syndrome
Sources
1. Ford ES. Prevalence of metabolit syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in U.S. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(11): 2745–2749.
2. Mokan M, Galajda P, Pridavkova P et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolit syndrome in Slovakia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81(2): 238–241.
3. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A joint intrim statement of the International Diabetes Federation task force on epidemiology and prevention: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society, and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640–1645.
4. Karen I, Souček M, Rosolová H et al. Metabolický syndrom. Doporučené diagnostické a terapeutické postupy pro všeobecné praktické lékaře : novelizace 2014. Centrum doporučených postupů pro praktické lékaře. SVL: Praha 2014. ISBN 978–80–86998–70–1.
5. Rosolová H. Kardiometabolický syndrom. Maxdorf-Jesenius: Praha 2013. ISBN 978–80–7345–300–8.
6. Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolit syndrome. Nature 2006; 444(7121): 881–887.
7. Abbasi F, Brown B, Lamendola C et al. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistence and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40(5): 937–943.
8. Mittelman SD, Van Citters GW, Kirkman GIK et al. Extreme insulin resistence of the central adipose depot in vivo. Diabetes 2002; 51(3): 755–761.
9. Mauriége P Marette A, Atgié C. Regional variationin adipose tissue metabolism of severely obese premenopausal women. J Lipid Re 1995; 36(4): 672–684.
10. Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. I Clin Invest 2003; 112(12): 795–806.
11. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ et al. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects, association with obesity, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(4): 972–978.
12. Cote M. Adiponectinaemia in visceral obesity: Impact on glucose tolerance and plasma lipoproteins and lipid levels in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2005; 90(3): 1434–1439.
13. Berd AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2005; 96(9): 939–949.
14. Lichtenstein DR, Cash BD, Davila R et al. Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66(2): 219–224.
15. Labenz J. Extraesopohageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease, a critical analysis. Dtsch Med Wschr 2009; 134(37): 1812–1816.
16. Ierardi E, Rosania R, Zotti M et al. Metabolic syndrome and gastresophageal reflux. A link towards a growing interest in developed countries. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1(3): 91–96.
17. Ogden CL, Caroll MD, Curtin RL et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States 1999–2004. JAMA 2006; 295(13): 1549–1555.
18. Falk GW. Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease: another piece of the puzzle. Gastroenterology 2008; 134(5): 1620–1622.
19. El-Serag TT, Richardson P. Antrophometric correlates of intragastric pressure. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41(8): 887–891.
20. Koppman JS, Poggi I, Szomstein S et al. Esophageal motility disorders in the morbidly obese population. Surg Endosc 2007; 21(5): 761–764.
21. Ryan AM, Healy LA, Power DG et al. Barrett esophagus prevalence of central obesity, metabolic syndrome and proinflammatory state. Ann Surg 2008; 247(6): 909–915.
22. Hsu CS, Wang PC, Chen JH et al. Increasing insulin resistence is associated with increased severity and prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34(8): 994–1004.
23. Burgerhart JS, van de Meeberg PC, Siersema PD et al. Nocturnal and daytime esophageal acid exposure in normal weight, overweight and obese patients with reflux symptoms. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 26(1): 6–10.
24. Ryan AM, Rowley SP, Fitzgerald AP et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia : male preponderance in association with obesity. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(8): 1151–1158.
25. Rubenstein JH, Morgenstern H, Chey WD et al. Protective role of gluteofemoral obesity in erosive esophagitis and Barrett´s oesophagus. Gut 2014; 63(2): 230–235.
26. Peayrin-Biroulet L, Chamaillard M, Gonzales E at al. Mesenteric fat in Crohn disease. A pathogenesis hallmark or an innocent bystander? Gut 2007; 56(4): 577–583.
27. Yorulmaz E, Adali G, Yorulmaz H et al. Metabolic syndrome frequency in inflammatory bowel diseases. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(6): 376–382.
28. Wilkins T, Tadkod A, Hepurn LM et al. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diagnosis and management. Am Pham Physician 2013; 88(1): 35–42.
29. Ioannou G, Weiss NS, Kowdley KV et al. Is obesity a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? A population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003; 125(4): 1053–1059.
30. Sanyl AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshani F et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis : association of insulin resistence and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001; 120(5): 1183–1192.
31. Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and metabolit syndrome. J of Amer Sci 2006; 130: 326–334.
32. Lazo M, Hernaez M, Bonekamp S et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343: d6891. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6891>.
33. Roselli M, Loterszjan S, Vizzutti F et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic liver disease. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20(31): 5010–5024.
34. 34 Lonardo A, Sookolan S, Chonchol M et al. Cardiovascular and systemic complications in non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Atherosclerosis as a major player in natural course of NAFLD. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19(29): 5177- 5192.
35. 35 Halosworth K, Thoma Ch, Moore S et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with higher levels activity than matched healthy controls. Frontline Gastroenterology 2015; 6(1): 44–51.
36. Schaffer EA. Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallblader stone disease. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroent 2006; 20(6): 981–996.
37. Koller T, Kollerova I, Hlavaty T et al. Cholelithiasis and markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with metabolic risk factors. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47(2): 197–203.
38. Ata N, Kucukazman M, Yavuz B et al. The metabolic syndrome is associated with complicated gallstone disease. Can J Gastroent 2011; 25(5): 274–276.
39. Pontincasa M, Moshetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet 2006; 168(9531: 230–239.
40. Mendez-Sanchez N, Chavez-Tapis NC, Motola-Kuba D et al. Strong association between gallstones and cardiovascular disease. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 1653–1657.
41. Sawalhi S, Al-Maramphy H, Abdelrahman Al et al. Does the present of obesity and/or metabolic syndrome affect the course of acute pancreatitis: A prospective study. Pancreas 2014; 43(4): 565–570.
42. Ammann RW, Raimondi S, Maisonnneuve P et al. Is obesity an aditional risk factor for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis? Pancreatology 2010; 10(1): 47–53.
43. Pezzilli R, Calculli L. Pancreatic steatosis: Is it related to either obesity or diabetes mellitus? World J Diabetes 2014; 5(4): 415–419.
44. Ogilvie RF. The island of Langerhans in 19 cases of obesity. Pathol 1933; 37(3): 473–481.
45. Kim MK, Chun HJ, Park JH et al. The association between ectopic fat in the pancreas and subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106(3): 590–596.
46. Aubert A, Gornet JM, Hammel P et al. Diffuse primary fat replacement of the pancreas: an unusual cause of steatorrhea. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2007; 31(3): 303–306.
47. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Mechanisms behind the link between obesity and gastrointestial cancer. Best Practice and Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28(4): 599–560.
48. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Balkwill F et al. Cancer related inflammation. Nature 2008; 454(7203): 436–444.
49. Osborn O, Olefsky JM. The cellular and signaling network linking the immune system and metabolic disease. Nat Med 2012; 18(3): 363–374.
50. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue: inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6(10): 772–783.
51. Johnson AM, Olefsky JM. The origin and driver of insulin resistence. Cell 2013; 152(4): 673–684.
52. Ohtani M, Yoshimoto S, Hara E. Obesity and cancer: a gut microbial connection. Cancer Res 2014; 74(7): 1885–1889.
53. Kubo A, Curley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Rev 2006; 15(5): 872–878.
54. Donohoe CL, Pidgeon GP, Lysaght L et al. Obesity and gastrointestinale cancer. Br J Surg 2010; 97(5): 628–642.
55. Ferlitsch M, Reinhart K, Pramhas S et al. Sex-specific prevalence of adenomas, advanced adenomas, and colorectal cancer in individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy. JAMA 2011; 306(12): 1352–1358.
56. Ho GY, Wang T, Gunter MJ et al. Adipokines linking obesity with colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res 2012; 72(12): 3029–3037.
57. White D, Kanwal F, El-Serag HB. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk for hepatocellur cancer, based on systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10(12): 1342–1359.
58. Kawada N, Imanaka K, Kawaguchi T et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma arising from and pancreatic cancer: non-cirrhotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44(12): 1190–1194.
59. Sadik NA, Ahmed A, Ahmed S. The significance of serum levels of adiponectin, leptin and hyaluronic acid in hepatocelular carcinoma of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. Human Exp Toxicol 2012; 31(4): 311–321.
60. Hung CH, Wang JH, Hu TH et al. Insulin resistence is associated with hepatocelluler carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C infection. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(18): 2265–2271.
61. Patel AV, Rodriguez C, Bernstein L et al. Obesity, recreational physical activity and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large U.S. cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14(2): 459–466.
62. Arslan AA, Helzinger RJ, Kooperberg C et al. Anthropometric measures, body mass index, and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Arch Intern Med 2010; 170(9): 791–803.
63. Genkinger JM, Spegelman D, Anderson KE et al. A pooled analysis of 14 cohort studie of antropometric factors and pancreatic cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2011; 129(7): 1708–1717.
64. Preziosi G, Oben JA, Fusai G. Obesity and pancreatic cancer. Surg Oncol 2014; 23(2): 61–71.
65. Katzmarszyk PT, Church TS, Janssen I et al. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(2): 391–397.
66. Matsuda M, Shimomuto I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity: implications for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemie, atherosclerosis and cancer. Obesity Res and Clin Practice 2013; 7(5): e330-e341.
67. Stocks T, Lukanova A, Bjorge E et al. Metabolic factors and the risk of colorectal cancer in 580,000 men and women in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project (Me-Can). Cancer 2011; 117(11): 1398–1407.
Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineArticle was published in
Internal Medicine
![Issue 9](https://www.prolekare.cz/media/cache/resolve/journal_issue/media/image_pdf/6e1a074d5561e030b73fb34a11f7055a.jpeg)
2015 Issue 9
Most read in this issue
- Therapeutic potential of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) of diosmin and hesperidin in treatment chronic venous disorder
- Usefulness of vena cava filters from clinicians view
- Draft of the best medical treatment in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer
- Secondary humoral immunodeficiency in patiens with systemic lupus erythematosus