Gastric neuroendocrine tumors

Czech version

Authors: O. Louthan
Authors‘ workplace: Ambulance pro neuroendokrinní nádory IV. interní kliniky 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MU Dr. Aleš Žák, DrSc.
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2009; 55(10): 961-966
Category: Reviews

Overview

The aim of the article is to present the state‑ of‑ the art in terms of diagnosis and therapy of these rare, usually biologically inactive neuroendocrine tumors, being classified into three main types. They differ from each other according to the conditions of their origin, biological properties and management. Recent classification according to WHO and ENETS (European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society) and proposal of TNM classification are presented. Diagnostic methods and therapeutical procedures, including experimental approaches, are outlined.

Key words:
endoscopic mucosal resection – neuroendocrine tumors – proliferation index – somatostatin analogues

Sources

1. Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin, LH. Histological Typing of Endocrine Tumours. Second Edition, World Health Organisation, International Histological Classification of Tumours. Berlin, New York: Springer 2000.

2. Williams ED, Sandler M. The classification of carcinoid tumours. Lancet 1963; 281: 238– 239.

3. Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I et al. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1717– 1751.

4. Kloppel G, Perren A, Heitz PU. The gastroenteropatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1014: 13– 27.

5. Thomas RM, Baybick JH, Elsayed AM et al. Gastric carcinoids: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study of 104 patients. Cancer 1994; 73: 2053– 2058.

6. Varro A, Kenny S, Pritchard DM et al. Functional Regulation of the ECL Cell. 172– 177. In: A Century of Advanced in Neuroendocrine Tumor Biology and Treatment. Managing Editor Irvin Modlin. Published by Felsenstein C.C.C.P. 463.

7. Ruszniewski P, Delle Fave G, Cadiot Get al. Well‑Differentiated Gastric Tumors/Carcinomas. In: Neuroendocrinology, Basel: Karger AS 2006, Vol. 84, No. 3, 158– 164.

8. Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 50‑year analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2003; 97: 934– 959.

9. Norton JA, Melcher ML, Gibril F et al. Gastric carcinoid tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia- 1 patients with Zollinger- Ellison syndrome can be symptomatic, demonstrate aggressive growth, and require surgical treatment. Surgery 2004; 136: 1267– 1274.

10. Lehy T, Cadiot G, Mignon G et al. Influence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 on gastric endocrine cells in patients with Zollinger‑ Ellison syndrome. Gut 1992; 33: 1275– 1279.

11. Klöppel G, Rindi G, Anlauf M et al. Site‑ specific biology and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Virchows Arch 2007; 451 (Suppl 1): S9– S27.

12. Bordi C, D’Adda T, Azzoni C et al. Hypergastrinemia and gastric enterochromaffin‑like cells. Am J Surg 1995; 19 (Suppl 1): S8– S19.

13. Leotlela PD, Jauch A, Holtgreve- Grez H et al. Genetics of neuroendocrine and carcinoid tumours. Endocrine‑related Cancer 2003; 10: 437– 450.

14. Rindi G, Klöppel G, Ahlman H et al. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 395– 401.

13. Peracchi M, Gebbia C, Basilisco G et al. Plasma chromogranin A in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, enterochromaffin‑like cell lesion and gastric carcinoids. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152: 443– 448.

14. Granberg D, Stridsberg M, Seensalu Ret al. Plasma chromogranin A in patientswith multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.J Clin Endocrin Metab 1999; 84: 2712– 2717.

15. Brugge WR. The Role of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Management of Upper GI and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. In: A Century of Advances in Neuroendocrine Tumor Biology and Treatment 2006, 308– 315.

16. Tomassetti P, Migliori M, Caletti GC et al. Treatment of type II gastric carcinoid tumors with somatostatin analogues. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 551– 554.

17. Tomassetti P, Migliori M, Caletti GC et al. Treatment of type II gastric carcinoid tumors with somatostatin analogues. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 551– 554.

18. Arnold R, Simon B, Wied M et al. Treatment of Neuroendocrine GEP Tumours with Somatostatin Analogues. Digestion 2000; 62 (Suppl 1): 84– 91.

19. Rindi G, Solcia E Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors – Carcinoid and Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma, 246– 253. In: A Century of Advanced in Neuroendocrine Tumor Biology and Treatment. Managing Editor Irvin Modlin. Published by Felsenstein C.C.C.P., 463.

20. Ahlman H, Kolby L, Lundell L et al. Clinical management of gastric carcinoid tumors. Digestion 1994; 55 (Suppl 3): 77– 85.

21. Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Drozdov I et al. The Enterochromaffine Cell. 178– 191. In: A Century of Advanced in Neuroendocrine Tumor Biology and Treatment. Managing Editor Irvin Modlin. Published by Felsenstein C.C.C.P., 463.

22. Tiensuu Janson EM, Öberg K. Carcinoid tumours. Bailliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996; Vol. 10, No. 4.

23. Becker HD, Gabriel A. Therapy of carcinoids of the stomach. Langenbecks Arch. Chir 1996; 381: 18– 22.

24. Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. Carcinoid tumors of the stomach. Surg Oncol 2003; 12: 153– 172.

25. Lewington WJ. Targeted radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumour. Endocrine- Related Cancer 2003; 10: 497– 501.

26. Rindi G, Azzoni C, La Rose S et al. ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 532– 542.

27. Granberg D, Wilander E, Stridsberg M et al. Clinical symptoms, hormone profiles, treatment, and prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoids. Gut 1998; 43: 223– 228.

28. Rindi G, Azzoni C, La Rose S et al. ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 532– 542.